Thoughts :: essays research papers

The strange thing that happened to Tolstoy was that he was overcome with perplexity and an arrest of life. He said it was if he didnt know how to live or what to do. ultimately they went a course but then those moments came back oftener and oftener. The arrests of life always appeared in the question wherefore? Well, and Then.I think that the perplexity Tolstoy is evoking in the phrase, Why? Well, and Then? deals with his positions about life and death. The why part deals why he should do anything in life. He talks about his sons education and why he should be involved with it. If he cant think of why he should be involved with it he cannot be a part of it. I think the well has to do with when he finally figures out why he is doing something he needs to find the best way to do it. The then is when Tolstoy does something he needs to know what is going to happen when he is d genius. Tolstoy says without answering these questions he could not live.Tolstoy feels like someone has pla yed a mean trick on him by creating him. He believed that someone is having fun looking down upon Tolstoy and his life. Tolstoy felt this way because he couldnt think of one single act in his whole life that meant anything to him or anybody. He thought that all of his accomplishments would be forgotten. He thought his life was a large-mouthed deception. Tolstoy also believed that he had learned, developed and fully grown in his body and mind. He knew that the, potentially, best part of his live was in front of him and he thought there was nothing in life for him now and there never would be.Tolstoy believes that the cruel truth of life is that most people see the bad in things and forget about the good. In the Eastern story about the traveler, the man is absolutely going to die. If he should fall down the well a potassium bitartrate will eat him. If he climbs out of the well the infuriated beast will kill him. He is hanging by a wooden leg that twain mice are nibbling away at. H e knows he is going to die. Then he sees some drops of honey on the leaves of a bush. He licks the honey off the branch and it gives him no pleasure.

Herodotus Essay -- Essays Papers

Herodotus As Herodotus develops his History he diverges from the important aspect of his narrative humanityy times throughout the text. Many wonder why Herodotus diverges from the main point by introducing minor characters who do not seem relevant to the central theme. Some consider this method of narrative confusing and pointless still I believe that Herodotus has a purpose for including these minor figures and that these characters help express Herodotus ideology towards proper moral and political systems. These minor figures are developed and manipulated by Herodotus in order to express his thought processs and he is able to accomplish this because these characters are flexible in the sense that the readers (and listeners) do not have a sensitiveness when introduced to these characters. By closely analyzing the minor characters throughout book seven we realize Herodotus purpose behind the inclusion of these characters is to demonstrate his beliefs on the proper m orals plurality should exhibit and to signal how Tyranny is a poor form of government. As the History unfolds Herodotus diverges from the central idea by introducing characters which do not seem to discipline with that central theme. These diverges serve instruct the reader as to Herodotus view on moral issues. Herodotus expresses his view on the way death should be perceived by society through the words of Artabanus. Xerxes represents the common perception of death when he is admiring the vastness of his army and begins to weep because he realizes that they will all be bygone in short span of time. Artabanus tells Xerxes Life is gives us greater occasion for pity that this. Short as his intent is, no man is happy tho many times, to wish himself dead rather alive (Artabanus 7.46). Herodotus is explaining through these words that death should not be seen in a negative view because life brings man so much troubles and anguish that he desires for death to come upon him. Ar tabanus tells us of these troubles when he says For there are calamities that meet him and diseases that derange him, so that they put up this lifeseem long (Artabanus 7.46). Even though people may agree with Xerxes actions that death should be pitied but Herodotus does show that life brings tragedy to man and that death may act as an escape from these tragedies.We are able to see the way proper behavior should be display... ...the second is that they will gainsay you to battle, even though all the other Greek were on your side (Demaratus 7.102). Xerxes can not believe that the Spartans would interlocking against such odds but Demaratus explains that they fight for a greater cause then the Persians. He tells Xerxes They have as the despot over them Law, and the fear him more then your men fear you (Demaratus 7.104). Herodotus is demonstrating that individuals chthonian the rule of democracy are more content then individuals under Tyranny because they fight more valiantly fo r their government.Herodotus uses the introduction of characters to diverge from the central idea of his theme and he uses this technique to demonstrate his views on moral and political topics. These controversial topics come up while he is unfolding his History and he uses these characters to express his own opinion on these subjects. An example of Herodotus confronts moral subjects during his narration when he talks about death, yielding to ones pride, and honorable fighting. He also uses these characters to show that Tyranny is not a good form of government. BibliographyHerodotus Translated by David Green

Aztec Empire :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

Aztec EmpireThe Aztec Empire was a Native American state that ruled much of what is now Mexico from about 1427 until 1521, when the imperium was conquered by the Spaniards. The empire represented the highest point in the development of the rich Aztec civilization that had begun more than a century earlier. At the height of their power, the Aztec controlled a field stretching from the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico east to the Gulf of Mexico and south to Guatemala.The Aztec built great cities and developed a complex social, policy-making, and religious structure. Their capital, Tenochitlan, was located on the site of present-day Mexico City. An elaborate city built on islands and marsh land, Tenochtitln was possibly the largest city in the world at the time of the Spanish conquest. It featured a huge temple complex, a royal palace, and numerous canals.After the Spanish conquest, the empire of the Aztec was destroyed, but their civilization remained an important influence on the development of Mexican culture. Many present-day Mexicans are descended from the Aztec, and more than 1 million Mexicans speak Nahuatl, the native Aztec language, as their primary language. In Mexico City, searches continue to put out temple foundations, statues, jewelry, and other artifacts of the Aztec civilization.Aztec refers both to the people who founded the empire, who called themselves Mexica, or Tenochca, and, more generally, to all of the many other Nahuatl-speaking ethnic groups that lived in the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest. The name Aztec is derived from Aztlan, the mythical homeland of the Mexica according to tradition, Aztln was located northwest of the Valley of Mexico, possibly in west Mexico. The name Mexico is derived from Mexica.Long before the enhance of the Aztec, the Valley of Mexico was the center of a highly developed civilization. A fertile basin, the valley was located 7800 ft above sea level. In its center arrange five intercon nected lakes dotted with marshy islands. From about AD 100 to 650 the valley was dominated by the city of Teotihuacan, center of a powerful religious, economic, and political state.After the decline of Teotihuacn, the Toltec people migrated into central Mexico from the north and established a conquest state there. The Toltec civilization reached its height in the 10th and 11th centuries. In the 13th century wandering bands of Nahuatl-speaking warriors, often called Chichimec, invaded the valley.

English Story :: essays papers

English StoryHello my name is rage, you ar probably thinking just about instantaneouslythat who named this girl. Well I acquit always had that question on mymind as well. From what I remember about my childhood (which I might make foris not much) is mostly living in this house with about thirty other kidsthat did not have parents either and we lived off our worldwide drugElate, simoleons and water. I was told from the honest-to-goodness kids that my motherdropped me off there one day she told the kids that she had beendiagnosed with AIDS, and she was going to murder herself. So my bestfriend her name was Sky, she was one of the older kids and she took careof me for my early years. I lived there until I was about 16, then Imoved in with Jeremy, my boyfriend and started a family. Anyway back toour drug Elate, you may have an idea what this drug is I have no idea ifit will sill exist when you receive this letter or you may have neverheard of the drug before. So let me explain. I t is what I have heardthat people used to call cocaine or some thing in that form. And I havealso heard that people used to actually pay for this stuff, and used togo in jail if they were caught with it or on it. Well straightaway a day it iscompletely different, we have to be on it twenty-four hours a day, seventimes a week, etc. The drug Elate, it brings all the others and me much(prenominal)a high, and has got me through some pretty bad times in my life. Youalready know my mother died from it, using the needle method, and Ipresume my come did also that is why we start our lives so early inthis society. The older kids have prepared us that our lives only lastabout forty years, if we are lucky. But forty years of being high thatis the way I want to live my life. Who really likes reality in thefirst place. The only slew sides of this drug are my nose hurts all thetime and I do not really sleep, nor eat much, the drug make me feelfull. It is our choice abide we want to sniff the stuff or inject itor do both. I personally switch with both methods every few months. Theone thing that I do not do is share needles, that is the huge down side

What is Cancer :: essays research papers

What is CancerThe article entitled What Is Cancer? from the American Cancer ships companys web site discussed how cancer forms and effects people in different ways depending on what type of cancer they own. It in like manner mentioned how cancers are do by and ways to prevent cancer. Cancer forms from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. When we are born we all have normal cells that continually grow until adulthood. We also have abnormal cells that are in our body. As we reach adulthood our normal body cells stop dividing for growth purposes and only divide to replace on the spur of the moment or damaged cells. The abnormal cells in our body continue to divide even into adulthood and form cancerous cells. Most cancers develop into tumors while others fertilize throughout the body via the bodys bloodstream. An example of this is leukemia. Not all tumors that are created in the body by the abnormal cells become cancerous however. round tumors called benign tu mors are not cancerous and will not affect the body in as harmful ways as cancerous tumors would. benignant tumors are still dangerous however there size can be harmful to the body by growing in places that they are not needed and putting pressure on other parts of the body. All types of cancer are different and respond to different types of treatment. Different cancers also have different rates of growth. These different rates of growth are what cause different cancers to be more harmful than others. Cancer is the second leading orca in the United States. Over half of men and one third of women will develop cancer in their lifetimes. Millions of people are now lifespan with cancer because of new treatments that have become available through extensive research.

What is Cancer :: essays research papers

What is CancerThe article entitled What Is Cancer? from the American Cancer Societys web site discussed how cancer forms and effect people in different ways depending on what type of cancer they have. It also work forcetioned how cancers are treated and ways to prevent cancer. Cancer forms from the uncontrolled product of abnormal cells in the bole. When we are born we all have normal cells that continually grow until adulthood. We also have abnormal cells that are in our body. As we reach adulthood our normal body cells stop dividing for issue purposes and only divide to replace dead or damaged cells. The abnormal cells in our body continue to divide even into adulthood and form cancerous cells. Most cancers develop into tumors while opposites flow throughout the body via the bodys bloodstream. An archetype of this is leukemia. Not all tumors that are created in the body by the abnormal cells become cancerous however. Some tumors called benign tumors are not cancerous and le ad not affect the body in as harmful ways as cancerous tumors would. Benign tumors are still dangerous however in that respect size can be harmful to the body by growing in places that they are not needed and putting pressure on other parts of the body. All types of cancer are different and respond to different types of treatment. Different cancers also have different rates of growth. These different rates of growth are what cause different cancers to be more harmful than others. Cancer is the second leading killer in the United States. Over half of men and one third of women will develop cancer in their lifetimes. Millions of people are now living with cancer because of new treatments that have become visible(prenominal) through extensive research.

Forensic Scientist Research Paper Essay

Definition of a Forensic Scientistthither is a definition for a rhetorical scientist. harmonise to C beer Information Center, there is a definition for rhetorical scientist, forensic scientists gather and evaluate evidence from victims, vehicles, and scenes of crimes. Their findings whitethorn help to convict or rise the innocence of a person accused of a crime. Nearly all told forensic scientists work for federal, state, or local law enforce ment (Engineering. 126).Entry RequirementsThere atomic number 18 entry requirements to become a forensic scientist. consort to C atomic number 18er Information Center, to be a forensic scientist, unity needs at least a bachelors degree in physical or natural science. However, most crime laboratorys prefer employees that flip a masters or doctorates degree in forensics (Engineering. 126). Working ConditionsForensic scientists work varied hours. harmonize to Career Information Center, forensic scientist work a louvre day, forty hour wor k week. However, they are on call 24-7 and may be expected to answer late night calls. In some cases, extra time is forced on employees (Engineering. 127).Forensic scientists work in varied environments. They spend most of their time in clean labs (Engineering. 127). They may also work out-of-doors in all weather conditions including snow, rain and heat (Echaore-McDavid 61).Forensic scientists fork up to stand, bend, kneel, and crouch in awkward positions (Echaore-McDavid 61). Forensic scientists have to observe unpleasant sights such(prenominal) as blood and corpses (Engineering. 127). Also, there are some trys with working with weapons (Engineering. 127). In addition, forensic scientists are exposed to noxious fumes and poisons (Engineering. 127). Generally, forensic scientists work with lab partners and other branches of law enforcement such as, policemen, FBI, and judges (Engineering. 127).Pay and BenefitsForensic Scientists give way varies. gibe to Career Information Cente r, their earnings vary depending on come and education. Entry level pay for a forensic scientist with a bachelors degree in 2005 was about(predicate) $30,000 a year. The median salary was about $40,000. Experienced forensic scientists with a masters degree earn around $70,000. Different types of forensic scientists earn different salaries. For example, a technician will require around $40,000 a year, but a forensic pathologist can earn up to $200,000 a year. Also, large crime labs use specialists, scientists who do one ad hoc duty fountainhead. These specialists often make more money than others (Engineering. 127).Forensic Scientists get benefits. accord to Career Information Center, forensic scientists get sick long time and pass days. The amount of days depends on the crime lab they work at. They are also offered medical insurance. Again, this varies with the crime lab. Forensic scientists are also offered reward plans (Engineering. 127).AdvancementForensic scientists have opportunity for advancement. Most start out as engineerees where they learn how to do their ruminate. Then, they are pissn more freedom and model the duties of the other forensic scientists. A few people may be promoted to senior forensic scientist or manager of the crime lab (Echaore-McDavid 60). Typically, positions open up when other forensic scientists are promoted, retire, or if the lab expands (Engineering. 127). Also, forensic scientists may train new employees for a bonus (Engineering.127).OutlookForensic scientists have a very positive outlook. Jobs in forensic science are expected t raise by cardinal share in ten geezerhood, well above the national average (U.S. Dept. n.p.) Growth in the dramaturgy of forensic science is tied to crime rates, high crime rates means a large amount of jobs (Engineering. 127). According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, new technologies speed up the growth of jobs in forensic science. Furthermore, there were 12,800 jobs held by fo rensic scientists in 2008. The projected employment for 2018 is 15,300 jobs (U.S. Dept. n.p.).JOB DUTIES OF A FORENSIC SCIENTISTSecond, there are personal qualities that are required to be a forensic scientist. There are job duties that all forensic scientists share. Also, there are job duties for different types of forensic scientists. Personal QualitiesThere are personal qualities that are necessary to have to be a forensic scientist. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and custodial Services, Forensic scientists must have communication skills, teamwork skills, writing skills, problem solving skills, and self oversight skills. Forensic scientists must also be observant, objective, detail oriented, meticulous, ethical, honest, dependable, and royal courteous. In addition, computer skills are recommended (Echaore-McDavid 60). General Job DutiesThere are some job duties that all forensic scientists share. All forensic scientists gather, evaluate, and analyze evidence and data from victims, vehicles, and crime scenes (Engineering. 126). Forensic scientists findings are used in court cases (Engineering. 126). They may have to train lower level or new employees (Echaore-McDavid 63). All forensic scientists may be called out to crime scenes (Echaore-McDavid 63). TechniciansForensic technicians have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, they gather physical evidence, such asbullets, weapons, and tissues from crime scenes. Technicians must also talk and coordinate with police officers at the crime scene. They note, sketch, and delineation every piece of evidence. Then the technicians send the evidence to the crime lab for further investigating. Technicians also submit accurate and well detailed reports and documentation for court cases. Technicians also maintain and use photography equipment as well as develop film (Echaore-McDavid 60-1).Latent Prints ExaminerPrints Examiners have specific job duties as well. Acc ording to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, prints determiners analyze all latent prints including fingerprints, palm prints, footprints, and tire tracks. They use chemicals and plasters to lift prints from scenes of crimes. They make believe photographs of the prints and convert them to 3D images on a computer. Prints examiners compare these prints with known suspects, victims, and others. Examiners will write reports of their findings and may testify in court (Echaore-McDavid 63).Forensic ChemistForensic chemists also have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, chemists use chemical analysis to examine physical evidence. They also perform tests to determine the contents of an unknown substance. Chemists make reports and may testify in court (Echaore-McDavid 65).Trace Evidence ExaminerTrace evidence examiners have specific job duties as well. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, trace evi dence examiners examine hair, tissues, saliva, blood, fluids, plastics, metals, and explosives. They work in crime labs alongside chemists and print examiners. They also develop new and better methods for examining evidence (Echaore-McDavid 65).Firearms and Toolmark ExaminersFirearms and toolmark examiners have specific job duties. According to LawEnforcement, Security, and Protective Services, they handle two pieces of evidence firearms and tools. They determine if firearms or tools were used in a crime. They make identical matches mingled with guns and bullets, and tools and toolmarks. Firearms and toolmark examiners also determine paths of bullets and recreate crime scenes (Echaore-McDavid 69).Questioned Documents ExaminerQuestioned documents examiners have their own job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, documents examiners analyze checks, currency, vouchers, contracts, certificates, wills, notes and letters. They check if documents and sig natures are legitimate or counterfeit. They determine if changes have been made to a document and determine what words were erased or crossed out. Document examiners also identify different types of inks and written document (Echaore-McDavid 71).Polygraph ExaminerPolygraph examiners have specific job duties too. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, polygraph examiners administer polygraph tests to suspects and analyze the results. Polygraphs measure pulse, blood pressure, breathing, and perspiration during questioning. Polygraph examiners write their own questions and give them to suspects (Echaore-McDavid 76).Forensic PathologistForensic pathologists have specific job duties. According to Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, forensic pathologists primarily perform autopsies. They answer the time of death, whether a death was caused by suicide or homicide, and cause of death. Pathologists may also have to identify bodies. They are also cal led out to crime scene to examine bodies before they are moved. Forensic pathologists sometimes meet with families of the deceased (Echaore-McDavid 73).ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESThird, there are advantages to having a career as a forensic scientist. There are also disadvantages.AdvantagesForensic scientists have advantages for their occupation. With enough education, most forensic scientists make around $70,000 a year (Engineering. 126). They can also earn sick and vacation days (Engineering. 126). They get medical insurance (Engineering. 126). Finally, forensic science is a fast growing field. Its growth is above the national average (U.S. Dept. n.p.).DisadvantagesThere are also disadvantages in the field of forensic science. The occupation is very high stress. Forensic scientists may witness gruesome sights (Engineering. 126). They also put themselves at risk by working with weapons and chemicals (Engineering. 126). Also, forensic scientists are on call 24-7 and may be forced in to working overtime (Echaore-McDavid 60). In addition, it takes about six years to earn a good degree, masters degree, in forensic science (Engineering. 126).EDUCATIONFourth, there are entry requirements to get into wampum take University. In addition, Michigan State offers a great program to study forensic science.Entry RequirementsThe main entry requirement for Michigan Stat is to have a better application than the other applicants. According to Petersons Four Year Colleges, the average high school GPA of those admitted to MSU is 3.61. Ninety-seven percent of students had an ACT chalk up over eighteen and nine percent had a score of thirty. Seventy-six percent of students scored over 500 in reading on the SATs, lxxxv percent scored over 500 in math, and seventy-three percent scored over 500 in writing. Nine percent of students scored over 700 in reading, fourteen percent scored over 700 in math, and five percent scored over 700 in writing. Only seventy-three percent of applica nts are admitted into Michigan State University (Petersons. 473).Those admitted into MSU are required to pay tuition. According to Petersons Four Year Colleges, on average, state residents are charged about $7,665 peryear. Out of state residents are charged around $20,310. half-time students who live in state are charged $235 per credit hour. Out of state part-time students are charged $656 per credit hour. Some financial fear is provided by MSU if necessary (Petersons. 473).Michigan State UniversityMichigan State is a great college to study to study forensic science. MSU was founded in 1885 (Petersons. 473). The school has offered a forensic science program since 1946 ( inculcate. n.p.). MSU is a coed school (Petersons 473). The campus is 5,192 acres and has relatively easy access to Detroit and Lansing (Petersons. 473).Michigan State has a great college atmosphere. According to Petersons Four Year Colleges, fifty-four percent of students are women and forty-six percent are men. There are students studying at MSU from fifty-four states and territories. There are also students from one hundred different countries. The student faculty ration at MSU is 171 (Petersons. 473).MSU has a great athletic program. According to Petersons Four Year Colleges, all sports available at Michigan State are Division I except for football. MSU offers mens football, mens and womens basketball, mens and womens track, mens baseball, womens softball, and mens and womens cheerleading. MSU also offers many intramural sports (Petersons. 473).Michigan State University offers many clubs to its students. MSU has a drama club, marching band, choral group, radio and television club, newspaper club, and national fraternities and sororities (Petersons. 473).MSU provides prime housing. On campus residency is required for a students freshman year (Petersons. 473). Coed dorms are available as well as women only dorms and disabled students dorms (Petersons. 473).Michigan State offers services to students. According to Petersons Four Year Colleges, there is a health clinic available to MSU students, psychiatric counseling, and legal services. There is also a womans center.MSU provides twenty four hour emergency response and transportation services. Also, self defense workshops are available (Petersons. 473).MSU offers top rate classes and degrees in forensic science. According to School of Criminal Justice, the Masters Degree in Forensic Science is provided by the Michigan State School of Criminal Justice. Applicants for the degree must have at least a 3.0 to apply. One must also have a degree in a lesser or related field such as physical or natural science (School. n.p.).MSU offers a degree in forensic chemistry. To earn a degree, one must take the following classes Advanced Analytical Chemistry II, Survey in Forensic Science, Forensic Chemistry and Microscopic Evidence, Scanning Electron Microscopy/X-Ray Analysis, and Forensic Serology (School. n.p.).INTERESTS AND askFur thermore, forensic science does fit my needs. It pays a decent amount of money and will give me a comfortable lifestyle. Forensic Science involves a sell of science and chemistry, which I love to do. Also, forensic scientists help people by assisting in the justice process, which I think is very rewarding.CLOSINGIn conclusion, forensic science is a very challenging career. If a person is interested in becoming a forensic science, it is going to take a volume more than just a love of the TV show CSI.

Access to Healthcare in Haiti

Access to wellnessc be Services in Haiti Lena Almas Miami Dade Healthc ar is a human right, every American is entitled to the right to becoming medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health. Those words were spoken by former President Theodore Roosevelt on January 11, 1944 to the American Congress. This essential independence is not enjoyed by the global society at large and currently over one billion people wish portal to basic health care systems. (Carr, cc4, p. 28) Unfortunately, the poorest countries in the world are often found to be the ones most in need of these basic medical services.The island nation of Haiti is the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. septenary million people inhabit an area the size of New Jersey. Seventy-eight part of Haitians live on less than two dollars a day and scarcely sixty four percent of the country is literate. (Shah, 2010) Haiti has the worst malnutrition, the highest rates of infant and maternal mortality, a nd the worst AIDS epidemic in the Americas. Nearly half the existence is chronically undernourished. Of every thousand children born in Haiti, 71 die before reaching the age of 5. (Partners In Health, 2012, para. ) Many factors over the last 200 years have contributed to a healthcare system in crisis. The paper will examine how healthcare is delivered within this impoverished nation and the vast dynamics that contribute the current healthcare crisis. Haitis healthcare is delivered in three sectors, the public, semi-public, and the private sector. The private for-profit sector provides approximately one third of the populations healthcare and is located dominantly within the capital city of Port-au-Prince. Here doctors and hospitals often expect conciliatement in advance for services. Mangan, 2009) If you are one of the twenty percent that live above the poverty line private healthcare might be an option for your healthcare needs. However close to eighty percent of Haitian househo ld find themselves living in abject poverty on less than 2 dollars and day and half of all household live on less than one dollar a day. For these people healthcare is found in the pubic and semi-public sectors. The public sector is run by the Ministry of Public Health and Population and Ministry of Social Affairs and is responsible for providing healthcare to the Haitian itizens. ( universe of discourse Health Organization WHO, 2010, p. 6) Only one in 10 people here are covered by public health insurance. The 2005 World Health Report estimates that the Haitian government spends only $2 per capita on health each year, method of accounting for about 40 percent of national expenditures on health. Since health insurance is not available or affordable for the vast majority of Haitians, households must pay for health care or go without. (Zanmi lasante site background, n. d, para. 3).In Haiti there are 371 health posts, 217 health centers and 49 hospitals ran by the Ministry of Health a nd an estimated 40% of the population lacks access to health services (Pan American Health Organization, n. d. ) Often, citizens in Haiti are not always familiar with the medical system of their own country and will deflect or delay seeking care due to lack of funds for transportation, services, and medicines (Mangan, 2009). Most Haitians continued to meet their health-care needs through traditional remedies. Herbal medicines are widely used, especially in rural areas.In addition to home remedies, herbal specialists (dokte fey) provided massage and herbal remedies. Many voodoo specialists are also experts in herbal remedies. In addition to the lack of funding and knowledge about healthcare resources within the country there is also found to be a lack of healthcare workers. In 1998, there were 2. 4 physicians and 1 nurse per 10,000 people. (Pan American Health Organization, n. d. ) Human resources are insufficient and lack of funds has prevented the creation of innovative positions and many professionals go into private practice or emigrate.In 1999, a bilateral cooperation agreement was signed with Cuba, under which 500 Cuban health professionals have been working in 62% of the municipalities for 5 years (Pan American Health Organization, n. d. ) Being elderly in Haiti was difficult before the earthquake. So difficult, in fact, that the average Haitian lifespan is only 61 years. Those over age 65 make up only 3. 4 percent of the population, compared with 13 percent in the linked States. View a disabled child/elderyly as punishment or as a condition caused by a supernatural force, however the baulk is not shameful for family.References Carr, D. (2004). Improving the Health of the Worlds Poorest People Health Bulletin 1. Retrieved from Global Issues http//www. prb. org/pdf/ImprovingtheHealthWorld_Eng. pdf Cong. Rec. 50 (1944, January 11). Mangan, J. (2009, January 30). Haiti Cultural competency and Tuberculosis Control Educational Material. Retrieved from s outheastern National Tuberculosis Center http//sntc. medicine. ufl. edu/Files/Products/Country%20Guide%20-%20Haiti. pdf Pan American Health Organization. (n. d. ). Haiti (332-349). Washington, DC Government Printing Office.Partners In Health. (2012). The Situation in Haiti. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from http//www. pih. org/where/pages/Haiti Shah, A. (2010). Haiti. Retrieved , from http//www. globalissues. org/article/141/haiti World Health Organization. (2010). Public health risk assessment and interventions. Earthquake Haiti. Retrieved from http//www. who. int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/publications/haiti_earthquake_20100118. pdf Zanmi lasante site background. (n. d). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http//www. pih. org/pages/haiti-background

How resources are allocated Essay

An sparing scheme is the result of individuals (consumers and producers), groups (firms, trade unions, political parties, families etc) and the government coming together and interacting in a legal and kindly society. The function of an economic system is to resolve the basic economic chore scarcity which kernel that the resources atomic number 18 limited but wants atomic number 18 infinite. This distribution has deuce-ace dimensions* What is to be produced* How is it to be produced* For whom is it to be produced.There ar 2 economic systems which are commonly used world-wide. There are the free trade system in which the role for the government is limited and the plotted system where the government takes viturally total control. In both of these systmes there are different methods of resource tryst used. There are economies that use a mixture of these systems in particular the planned and free commercialize system also known as the complicated parsimony in which some of the decisions resource allocation are done by the government and other by the public.In a free grocery store thrift*The factors of increaseion are owned by common soldier individuals or groups of individuals who own the resources. They then rent them out to the firms so that they can produce the goods and services.*Everyone is actuate by pure self interest. Consumers maximise welfare, firms maximise profits and privated individuals aim to maximise rents, wages interest and profit.*Firms can sell anything they want. They respond to the consumers who are allowed to by anything that is sold by the producers.*The level of rivalry is very high. Firms are competing desperately for customers and the consumers are competing with each other for the goods on offerHow are resources allocated under a market mechanism?What is to be produced?In a pure free market, it is the consumer which determines the allocation of resources. Consumers are sovereign. Each consumer has a free choice on t he inwardness of money to spend on goods and services. Firms with the money recieved, deprave the factors of production mandatory to produce goods and sercives. In other words in a free market a firm go out only produce what the consumers are prepared to buy.The consumers are the ones to dicate the goods that should be produced. For example the public square offs that they want to buy much product X than product Y. The increase in demand for product X ordain increase the equipment casualty at first. The production of product X will increase since many new first will get attracted with the idea of profit and at the same time the level of competition will increase. On the other hand for product Y the demand will fall along with profits. In general there is a transfer of resources from one pains to another.How will it be produced?There is competition between the various firms. Consumers will buy from the producers which offer the last-place price. So producers must(prenominal) produce at lowest cost. This then determines how goods are produced. The firms will adpot the lowest cost technique of production hence resulting in productive efficiency and allocative efficiencyFor whom will it be produced?The kernel of money the consumers spend is determined by their income. This affects the factors of production since those with high invomes will be able to consume more of the goods whlist those with low income can only buy fewgoods and services.There are some advantages in a free market parsimony*Resources are allocated more efficiently.*There will be a much larger choice of goods and services*Firms will keep on innovating and produce better quality products since there is a high level of competition*Higher economic growth rates Economic systems with a free market model have grown much faster than those with a look out over economy.For example with the restaurant Mac Donalds the demand is high because the consumers find it convenient to just drop by and ha ve a meal in spite of appearance a matter of minutes, and since the consumers demand more the supply of it is also large.A command economy has a very powerful government sector and the workets and consumers are subordinate. The resources are allocated through a planning mechanism. Some goods and services are prvided free and some rationed or soldThe characteristics of a command economy* Factors of prodction are owned publicly by the government* No one think of himself Everyone is assumed to be working for the common good* There are no free enterprise* There is very little competition which gives rise to black markets* Since there is no competition there is no price mechanism. The authoritiesset the prices, and they are forced to set the prices low to make sure that it is affordable to everyone* The government has the responsability of planning how all the resources should be used. The break up what should be produced and in what quantities. In other words they set the output and price levels.What is to be produced?The consumer does not have any control at all on what will be produced. The planners or the government decide what will be produced, but the main problem which arouses is that the government does not know what exactly the consumers need. In other words supply is dictated by a establishment body which tries to bespeak demand however this process is very difficult and it leads to obese losses.How will it be produced?There is no such thing as firms in a planned economy. The government direct the resources into producing units They have no autonomy, so basically the government decides the quantities of output and the methods of productionFor whom will it be produced?The government tries to distribute the output of the economy more fairly. Wages are determined by the planners and so are the prices of the goods produced. So the government is effectively determining how much each consumer can consume. They also believe that all consumers get equal amo unts.Advantages of a planned economy* The strong government will make sure that public and merit goods are consumed that the right levls and that demerit goods are banned or taxed heavily* The government will try to make sure that nobody falls through the safety net. It will be a fairer economy til now though it is likely to be less successful overall.* Command economies can make sure that the prodction processes that they chose are as environmentally friendly as possible. They should be able to make sure that the level of output is the socially optimal level of output.For example in Russia the government decided to produce jeans at a large scale but people were importing levis jeans and were selling them for a much cheaper price. this meant that the government lost a lot of money since they predicted that the people needed jeans but in reality they did not and even though they lowered the prices there were still huge amounts of stock which was not sold.A mixed economy as the name implies is a mixture of a planned economy and a free enterpirse economy. In pure practice no pure planned economies or free enterprise economies exist in the world. It is a mixture of the two extremes and the degree of mixing depends and varies from one society or country to another.Characteristics of a mixed economy* The government owns some of the countrys factors of production publicly and some are owned privately* The market part of the economy will be motivated by self interest. First will maximise profit consumers will maximise their welfare and the factor owners will maximise rent interest and profit. The government on the other side has the common good goal.* There are only free enterprises in the free market part of the economy* The level of competition will vary on the degree of mix. and it will depnd on the market structure.* The price mechanism operates in the private sector. its efficiency depends on how competitive the market structures are. The government run activiti es.Many countries or economic systems have attempted to solve the resource allocation problem by reaching a compromise between the free market and planned economy systems. For example a governing body may decide that the production possibility frontier (ppf) has potential to increase if education and health services are provded to the public and gum olibanum enforces this, thus supplying it for free this must be paid for by taxes which encourage a planned economy approach. However the remainder of the economy follows a free-market modelThe government needs to decide the perfect balance between these two factors. If people are healthier then they are more educated and the more educated the healthier. This means that they firms will be able to have better qualified workers. This in turn will mean that the taxes will increase and the government will get more money. This money can be invested into improvements in technology and resulting in an increase in the ppf. For example the UK o ffers free NHS this means that more money can be spent on education and train people and this can lead to an improvement in techonology. On the other hand the better the education means that people are better qualified and more people can become doctors and thus it will improve health services.Though there are 3 main types of economic systems which sue three different methods of resource allocation, there is often, in developed countries a tendency to use mixed economic methods in which both aspects of the free market and the planned economy are present. In developing countries there are approaches to the problem of resource allocation utilise all 3 methods.In a free market economy supply is dictated by demand, the bigger the demand the bigger the supply and thus the price of the product is given. In a planned economy the governing body makes those decisions, supply is dictated by a governing body which tries to predict demand however this proves verydifficult and it supplies goods to its wish and in a mixed economy supply of certain guds is dictated by a governing body and the others by demand.

Consumer Psychology

PART B DEFINITION Consumer psychology is a fortissimo area that studies how our thoughts, beliefs, feelings and perceptions influence how batch buy and relate to goods and services. One formal definition of the field describes it as the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needfully and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. STAGES IN CONSUMER DECISION MAKING PROCESS CONSUMER INDIVIDUAL FACTORSConsumer individual factor is divided by five. Age, occupation, economic note, lifestyle and disposition. This five factors is affected to consumer behavior to buy same product or services. Age Age and life-cycle have potential impact on the consumer get behavior. It is unambiguous that the consumers change the purchase of goods and services with the passage of time. Family life-cycle consists of different stages such young singles, married couples, unmarried couples etc which help marketers to develop appropriate products for each stage. 00PLUS product affects to this categories because when adult, people are active doing some sport and they need 1ooPLUS because 1 0 0 P L U S scientifically-testedi sotonic formulation of carbohydrates, electrolytes and water enables quick and more effective hydration, thus enhancing a persons capability to perform at his or her peak. In fact, in a recent study, 100PLUS was clinically proven to rehydrate and re-energise faster, and provides 43% more endurance, than water alone.Read also Memory ForgettingThe advertising also smoke attract consumer to buy this product because they use bit 1 badminton player Dato Lee Chong Wei in the advertisement. This can attract people because many people use Dato Lee Chong Wei as their idol. Occupation The occupation of a person has significant impact on his buying behavior. For example a manger in sport center selling 100PLUS product in the occupation to make more profit. This is because they know that when people sports, they need to cover back their energy and 100PLUS product is suitable in this situation. Economic Situation Consumer economic situation has great influence on his buying behavior. If the income and savings of a customer is high then he go out purchase more expensive products. On the another(prenominal) hand, a person with low income and savings will purchase inexpensive products. However, 100PLUS product is suitable to all economic situation status because the set is not expensive. Beside that, they use Dato Lee Chong Wei in advertising make this product is more popular that the other product. LifestyleLifestyle of customers is another import factor affecting the consumer buying behavior. Lifestyle refers to the way a person lives in a society and is expressed by the things in his/her surroundings. It is determined by customer interests, opinions, activities etc and shapes his whole shape of acting and interacting in the world. When people active in sporting, they need a carbohydrate water to make they still have energy to poke out sports. nation hwo active in played badminton also attractive to the advertisement because they want to became like Dato Lee Chong Wei. Personality Personality changes from person to person, time to time and go under to place. Therefore it can greatly influence the buying behavior of customers. Actually, Personality is not what one wears rather it is the totality of behavior of a man in different circumstances. It has different characteristics such as dominance, aggressiveness, self-confidence etc which can be useful to determine the consumer behavior for particular product or service. This also can attract people who like to do something challenging because they need energy to become vigorous.MOTIVATION AND GOAL People who drink 100Plus will motivate they self because it will bring back they energy to achieve they goal. BRAND PERSONALITY Brand personality is the way a brand speaks and behaves. It means assigning human personality traits/characteristics to a brand so as to achieve differentiation. These characteristics signify brand behaviour through with(predicate) both individuals representing the brand as well as through advertising, packaging, etc. When brand encounter or brand identity is expressed in terms of human traits, it is called brand personality.Advantage-already popular in Malaysia, has many flavor, refer energy quickly easily to find. Disadvantage-100plus is only isotonic water. CONSUMER IMAGERY Consumers have a number of enduring perceptions, or images, which are particulari relavant to the study of consumer behavior. These include the image they hold of themselves, and their perceived images of products and product categories, of retail stores, and of producers. People will find 100Plus because they know that 100Plus is a isotonic drink and its to restore energy. 100Plus also more cheaper then an other isotonic drink.MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY 100 PLUS 100 PLUS Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs surmise in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five unavoidably within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. These five needs are as follows- Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life.Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and apology. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongingness, and friendship. Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types internal esteem needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and fre edom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention and admiration).Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for step-up and self-contentment. It also includes desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully satiable. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep cropping up to continue growing. From this theory that 100plus at the esteem needs level because people need it to restore energy to make they achieve what they target and make people noble-minded to them.

Key pieces of legislations promotion Essay

Places a duty for schools to produce a Disability Equality object (DES) and an Access Plan. Schools must encourage participation in all aspects of school life and eliminate harassment and unlawful discriminationRace Relations(Amendment) subprogram 2000 Ensure to develop the good relationship between organizations and people. Human Rights Act 1998 Set show up the rights of the individuals and guide them how to take action against the authorities if these rights are complete Special EducationalNeeds and DisabilityAct 2001 Makes it unlawful for educational providers to discriminate against pupils with a special educational need or a deteriorationChildren Act 1989 Sets protrude the duty of local authorities (including schools) to provide services according to the needs of children and to ensure their safety and welfare Education Act 1996 Sets out the schools responsibilities towards children with special educational needs. The Act also requires schools to provide additional resourc es, equipment and / or additional support to meet their needsChildren Act 2004 Sets out the duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the Every Child Matters outcomesEquality Act 2010 Sets out the legal responsibilities of public bodies, including schools, to provide par of opportunity for all citizens. This brings together nine equality laws Table B Code of rule about promotion of equality and valuing of diversity Code of Practice Purposes The special educational needs code of practice 2001 This code outlines the statutory guidance for policy and the procedures and responsibilities

Family structure Essay

AbstractThrough surface the course of history and from the time that human beingnesss began to modernize and grow into civilizations, the beliefs of what was thought normal, the distinct slipway of living nonplus greatly modificationd over time. One certain belief that is focused in this paper is family social system, the contrast in that location is between thermonuclear families and the extensive angiotensin-converting enzymes. Although the unite States has now a dominant structure, which is nuclear families, it wasnt always like this. It alone has many different norms of family structure out-of-pocket to differences in socioeconomic status, the government, religion, media, culture, etc.Moreover, do other countries. One must think how these types of influences overly play a key role in other parts of the world, for come the Latin-American countries whose main structure is blanket(a) families. This paper entrust focus on family structure in United States but Latin A merica as well. How has family structure changed over time in the United States? How has family structure changed in Latin America? How do these two different parts of the world, differ from apiece other and how do they comp ar in terms of family structure and what influences them? Finall(a)y, where might the future of family structure be headed towards, in both of these regions of the world?Keywords Family building U.S, Family Structure Latin AmericaModernized Family Structure in the United States and Latin AmericaFamily structure is a concept that has changed over time. As complex as it is, it can film a variety of structures, or forms. There isnt a individual(a) definition for this term, as in in that location is not whole one unique model of family, theres no stereotype for it. As known families and the changes within them, be different from country to country and around the world, this is due to the fact that theres different customs, values, morals, cultures and tradit ions, education, marri seasons, fertility rates, parsimony different industrialisation levels among those countries, etc. However, the more than outstanding change has occurred between nuclear families and extended families, be bring on those are the two main family structures, and the ones who seem to be changing in this modern world.The previous mention facts providethe reasons why this is happening and also how can it become in the future if it continues this way. The United States is a great example of modernization and these changes in family, because it went from a monolithic issue of extended families to an change magnitude number of nuclear families. On the other hand, there are the Latin American countries, that even though they make believe also modernized, they muted have more extended families due to culture, traditions or education reasons. Using as an example this two different regions, which are completely different economic and culture wise. It will be easier to show differences and similarities that Latin America has undergone compared to the United States of America over time and why it is this way.Types of StructuresFamily is a social institution that unites people to cooperate with one another in groups, with the purpose of taking care of each one in the group. Therefore, there is not a specific model for what a family should style like. There are different types and ways of families living in classs all around the world. For example One-parent families, composed by single mother or obtain families with couples that arent married, Blended families singlehood, single independent people, adoptive families, single childs, etc. However, the two predominant types that have evolved over time and conflict with each other, those are extended and the nuclear families.The Nuclear family also known as conjugal family is a family composed of the two spouses and their children, based on marriage. The Extended family is composed of parents and children as well as other kin this being grandparents, uncles, cousins, etc. This group is also called consanguine family, because everyone shares blood type. Nuclear families are often seen in modify societies, while extended families prevail in preindustrial societies. United States Family Structure BackgroundThe United States of America it is now a industrialized high income country that has richly developed and in which many people seek to establish citizen ship, due to the ease of climbing the socioeconomic ladder or class mobility and also that there is that ease to economically support and provide for families in view of the opportunity there are. Then again, it wasnt alwayslike this, economy and the U.S. wasnt as developed before, and many things were different. Analyzing it from the familys structure point of view, it historically went from being chiefly extended families to nuclear. As it is known the United States, has been colonized by European countries more specifi cally England. Then it is no surprise most of its trends, cultural traits, traditions, etc. comes from Europe.Moreover, they brought education. This was why in the time during the colonization form 1600 to 1700s, the United States was mainly based in agriculture and faming, therefore they needed of many members to help take care of lands and help with children. They were also really numerous families because wishing of education. So people used to have a larger number of children, because they werent taught how to avoid that, and because they thought the more children they had the better. But this went changing. Moving on to the time of the industrial revolution in the 1800s, there was an economic impulse, and now that people where more educated and started developing individually, made nuclear families grow.As a result of this situation, the number of extended families went down however the household population was still 90% extended families. The remaining 10%, who were mostly t he ones with extended recourses, rich or fuddled as mention before, were the ones able to educate themselves, develop economy and therefore, have less children because of ease it represented. On the course of time, around the early 19th century, there was around a 1% increase in extended families due the fact that during 60s and the 70s there was a harder economy, so family was needed to help with economy.Regardless of this fact the multigenerational families were still in decay. Furthermore, meter clearly show this decrease. Parents and children living with other relatives have gone from 65.5% in 1940 to 46.2% in 1970. Also according to N. V. Benokraitis (2010), Two generations ago, the typical American family consisted of a father, a mother, and third or four children (p. 03). These facts show how from the time of the colonies, the industrialization to the time of the 1900s, larger families have lessened. United States in the PresentGoing further to the end of the 1900s into 20 th Century people started to see more and more changes in family households. In the U.S. it started to emerge the less dominant divers types of family structures, making its wayto even more developed country. The nuclear family is for now the predominant one cause the economy and the culture has set it as the ideal for the times the U.S. is going through. Although, and as mentioned before these minority family types are in erosion. In the United States these changes occurred because of cause and effect reactions. The three main causes are modernization, economy, and independence.For example, marriages, they are no longer what they used to be. Due to, conflicts that cause divorces and not to mention, the seeking of independence among men and women specially. Bianchi & Spain, (1996) argued that U.S. families are changing in response to a number of factors, including the desire of women to have more career options ant to provide better lives for their children Bianchi & Spain, 1996, p. 6-8, (as cited in Macionis, 2010, p.368). Also, Browns (1981) studies found the followingComparing the urban and agricultural parts of the country, between 1950 and 1970, showed that rural divorce were lower, fewer women age 20-24 were unmarried, and the number of children per 1,000 ever married women age 35-44 was slightly higher(prenominal) in rural America. This shows how men and women that live in urban place, tend get more divorces or be single, than those in rural place where it tends to be more of a family environment. As a matter of fact the individual growth and independence is also reflecting in young adults, as well as adult. Almost 19 million adults around ages 30 to 44 are single and have never been married, representing 31 percent of all people in that age group, this is happening because it is more economic to only look after themselves, rather than for a whole family. For example in the U.S. out of 117.2 million households, 78.9 million (67%) meet the bureaus defin ition of family.The rest of the living units contained single people or not relates, and in 1950, 90% of household where families (U.S.Census Bureau, 2010). Despite, that family health is decreasing it is fact that these single people are more capable of maintaining their finance, and paying debts. Blended and one parent household have also risen this past years. Trends in culture and modern life, have led people into be more and more unsatisfied with the people they marry. The demands are higher and conflict among spouses get both(prenominal)times into violence, abuse, etc. and as a result people get divorces, get remarried or stay single parents.Forexample from 2007 to 2008 the numerate dated that the percentage of children under age 18 living with two married parents fell from 77 percent in 1980 to 67 percent. In addition, Single-parent American households increased from 11 percent of all households in 1970 to 29 percent. Al this, has led to this last few years, the present day in the United States. In which nuclear families are the ideal and majority, although this is discerniblely changing and also a place where, families are no longer multigenerational, and if there are still any(prenominal) left, they will eventually disappear. In other words, it is a reality that family is metaphorically falling apart, in the United States. Latin Americas family mountMany aspects of Latin American history compared to the United States are the same, however the difference lays on the way thing where approached. In Latin American countries history, it is evident that the extended families were more of a tradition in the culture before colonies, in which indigenous or native people lived in group and large families protecting each other, similar to the movie Pocahontas. Indigenous didnt have any education, another reason for why they had larger families. Subsequently, around the 1400s Christopher capital of Ohio and European missioner, begun colonizing Latin American countries. During this process a new race was formed, the mixed race, which was a result of, the European missioners mixed with the indigenous.Europeans provided the native and mixed races with secondary if any education and strongly imposed and established their culture, religion and government trends. For more than three centuries, from 1492 until the end of the rebellions for independence in 1826, European powers ruled compound Latin America. Spain and Portugal dominated the majority of Latin America. After that period every Latin American country had its independence. Then again, they still kept the culture and the Catholic religion as well the multigenerational family type of European countries. This remained practically steady for an extended period of time until the early 19th century, were the time for modernization and industrialization in Latin America started. However, until that time a splitting of extended families occurred.This meaning that extended families divided into two the poor extended families, that where the indigenous families, that because of lack of education had numerous children, and because their poverty the entirekinship had to leave in the same household, not being able to afford land or properties. On the other hand, there was the wealth extended family that was the duster European people and the mixed race successors who were accepted by their European parents being raced as white and educated at the same level as the white who stayed in Latin America. This side of the extended families, which were wealth and well educated, where the ones who lived in multigenerational family structure due to mostly tradition, and as a sign of well being and success. Further on, in the 1900s, like stated before modernization process incremented and then the bed cover among this family type widened. Leading one into successfully adapt to modern way of living and the other, into a greater poverty. Latin America in Present twenty-four hoursSi nce The 90s Latin America started to follow the path into a modern society. Even thought South American countries dont have the industrialization level as the U.S., opportunity and economy has also risen. Therefore, Family change also occurred. Basically in Latin America has now divided its family structure into three parts and for distinct reasons. The first one is the wealthy extended families, which live in larger families just because of tradition or culture, for example as Macionis (2010) states Many Latinos enjoy the loyalty and support of extended families. Traditionally, Hispanic parents exercise greater control over childrens courtship, considering marriage an alliance of families (p. 378). It is basically to have a better control and help with raising of the children. Second there are the wealthy nuclear families, which have followed more North American trends. in the long run there is the poor extended family, which live in larger families due to lack of education, and al so because help is needed with the raising of children. Even though the economy and the development in South America is not even close the first world countries it still evolved quiet fast into modernized life, with higher numbers of nuclear family. As a matter of fact, extended families are starting to decrease. It went being the majority in developing countries of Latin American two decades ago, to being now in present day around a quarter of the population in every Latin American country. According to the ECLAC (The Economic consignment for Latin America), around 43% of the entire population of Latin America is in poverty or below, and 40% of poor people live in extended family household.Whichmeans its only a 17.2 percent, the number of extended families in present day. A better quality education during the past three decades, has been another factor that impulse Latin American young adults and adults from ages around 25 30 f to make decisions in whether they want fewer or more member of their family, living in a harder, more competitive, and modern world. The tradition of large families helped Hispanics to be largest minority groups in the U.S., however, today more and more Latinas are making the same decision, and opting to have fewer children. (Navarro, 2004 U.S. Census Bureau, 2008).In terms of the other family types has also changed, although it is not a noticeable, some of types as single child families, and adoptive families, have been becoming more frequently seen in Latin-American societies. Although, individualization or singlehood for example, is not that common in Latin American, because for one, in Hispanic countries is not well seen when a person around it late twenties early thirties does not have a partner or spouse. Comparing the United States and Latin-AmericaBoth primings are mostly the same because both regions had the same lack of education and both where colonized by European countries, although this whitethorn be true, things in fa mily structure turned out different because of the socio-economical and development approach they had. Comparing both regions, they both underwent that family structural change, and had almost the same results they both adapted modern family structures. However, the change of the U.S is higher in rates and percentage, because as showed by the research Latin Americans still keep some of their traditions, and extended families either being poor or wealthy. Whereas the United States has industrialized and socio-economy developed that the extended families are reduced to a small fraction, moreover, nuclear families have also reduced. Concluding ResearchIn conclusion of this research, it is clear that in the United States family structure went drastically from being multigenerational or extended, to nuclear, and is turning into independent structure, as an effect of mainly modernization, and practical living. Following the same path, it is Latin-America, whose data shows that family stru cture has also suffered andevolved into more nuclear and modern families.But unlike the United States, it still conserves some part of its traditions, culture, and extended family structure, generally speaking, it still in the transition from extended to nuclear family. As a result, of still being several(prenominal) steps behind the industrialization level of the U.S. Nonetheless, all country will get to the same point and this metaphoric conflict there is among nuclear and extended families around the globe, will further on be nonexistent, because there will be a majority of independent people, trying to succeed and survive in a competitive world, where therell be no place and time for family.ReferencesBenokraitis, N. V. (2010). The changing family. Marriages and Families Changes, Choices and Constraints (pp. 03 25). New York, NY Pearson Education. Berroa, R. (1986). An introduction to Latin American society a background to its fiction. Literature of the Americas. vol. 1. Retriev ed from http//mason.gmu.edu/rberroa/Latinamerica.htm The Economic Commission for Latin America. (2011a.). Types of urban households,by household per capita income level, 2010. XLS. file. Retrieved from http//websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2011/esp/content_es.asp The Economic Commission for Latin America. (2011b.). Poor and indigent population,urban and rural areas. XLS. file. Retrieved from http//websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2011/esp/content_es.asp Farrell, B., VandeVusse, A., & Ocobock, A. (2012). Family change and the state of sociology. Current Sociology, 60(3), 283-301.doi10.1177/0011392111425599. Kobrin, F. E. (1976). The fall in household size and the rise of the primary individual in the United States. Population of Studies and Training Center, vol. 13(1), 1-17 Larkin, M. (1966). Family planning in Mexico. Nation, 203(16), 508-511. Macionis, J. J. (2010). Family and religion. Society The Basics (pp. 366 383). NewYork, NY Pearson Education, Inc. Mo gey, J. (1962). Changes in the family Introduction. International Social Science daybook, 14(3), 411-424. Spain, D., & Bianchi, S. M. (1996). Racial differences in nonmarital births. Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women. (pp. 6 8). New York, NY Russell Sage Foundation The United States Census. (2010). Americas Families andLiving Arrangements 2012. Retrieved from http//www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf The United States Census. (2010). Census Bureau Reports Foreign-Born Households are Larger, Include More Children and Grandparents 2012 Retrieved from http//www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/foreignborn_population/cb12-79.html Zimmerman, C. C. (1972). The future of the family in america. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 34(2), 323-333.

Persuasive Speech Outline

Persuasive Speech blueprint Ghost I. Introduction A. Attention-Getter Do you believe in ghost or the instauration of the after feeling? B. Link-to reference You may non stock-still believe that actually ghosts argon everywhere nigh us, muchover, they argon. C. Speaker credibleness I am here at once to sh atomic number 18 with all of you my research on ghost. D. dissertation fate I go step forward convince you that the existence of ghost is real. E. Preview of Speech Firstly, I would a alike(p) to condition ghost. Then Ill begin with explaining some old folks rumours or saying.Then I would like to sh are with you an article of a Doctors experience of the afterlife. Transition Lets begin with a question. II. r break offering A. Ghost is defined as the spirit of a person that has died. Transition Most of you heard of other peoples supernatural experiences such as a ghost possessed and near-dead experience but yet some of you experienced on your own. So why and how it tin happen? III. Explanation A. The existence of the human magnetic ambit B. The proximity of the magnetic oscillation frequencyC. Energy conversion Transition You may think that what Ive told you are just crapping. Believe it or not, now Im vogue out to tell you some true stories that happened from my promoters. III. True story at A. Amber Court, Genting Highland B. Ria, Genting Highland C. An devoted hospital, in Selangor. Transition Although currently we still cannot provide a scientific proof of the existence of ghost, some clips things may happen magically without any(prenominal) priming coat. IV. Conclusion A.Restate thesis Remember, ghost exists around us. Most of us cant see them beca map we are in different magnetic field. B. Restate main points I move over briefly explained what is ghost and how does ghost possession can happen and I have told you few true stories of my friend. C. Call-to-Action Believe in the existence of ghost is not scary but more like a pr evention. They exist beca office of us, dies. They make no harm to us if we simulatet provoke them. D. causal factor So, be careful guys. Those empty seats are occupied by them.Persuasive Speech depictSamples of Persuasive speech Outline attempt 1 From the date we wake up in the dawning to the moment we lay are head down at night, we are constantly making pickings. near outcome a conscious effort, some should, and some do not. Have you ever taken the time to really stop and think if youre giving the correct amount of attention to the right choice? Im here today to ask you to be more conscious of what you eat. Im going to argue wellness reasons, piece of solid food for thought for thought advertisements, reading food labels, and cultus diets. Lets start off by talking around Americas health crisis. I.Number champion reason to be conscious of your eating habits is to watch out for your health. A. Obesity is the number two cause of preventable death according to the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (CDC, 2010) 1. In 2005-2006 67% Americans 20 years or older were over fish or obese(CDC, 2010). 2. Being overweight or obese leads to add-on risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, display case II diabetes and many others(Insel, 2006) 3. Can be prevented by monitor how many calories you eat and how much daily activity you perform. B. In 2007 23. 6 million people had been diagnosed with diabetes (CDC, 2010). . 90-95% of them had type II (mayo clinic, 2009) 2. Diabetes can be prevented by consuming a variety of foods, controlling portions, getting able fiber, and 30 minutes of moderate commit (mayo clinic, 2009) II. Advertisements are affecting our food choices. A. I believe that if we are more genuine of what we are seeing and hearing in ads, we can control how food advertisements effect us 1. Media sometimes sensationalizes and over-simplifies nutrition related topics to increase viewers and products sales (Insel, 2006) B. Most ads promote food that is spirited in calories, fats and sugars (CSPI, 2009). . 90% of commercials on Saturday morning programs are promoting junk food or unfaltering food(CSPI, 2009) 2. Only 2% of all commercials are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (CSPI, 2009) III. Reading labels is the number one step to macrocosm more conscious of your food choices. A. Pay attention to the ingredient 1. The ingredients listed are always in go order according to the amount by weight used in the product. 2. It is best to choose the food product with the least ingredients and you should know what those ingredients are because these foods are the least processed (Wright). . Best to reduce food that contain dyes because it is the same dyes used in materials (Wright). a. Some common food dyes such as yellow(a) 5 and red 40 have been linked to hyperactivity, impulsivity, learning difficulties, and ADHD in children (CSPI, 2009). b. There are plenty of natural dyes such as beta carotene, beet root red, and paprika that can be used (CSPI, 2009). B. Health take aims are not the same as function makes. 1. Health claims are FDA correct where as function claims are not (Wright). 2.A health claim simply states that a food is high in a nutrient such as calcium or fiber function claim states that the food will do something such as burn fat or boost immunity. 3. This nub that function claims are not always true because they have not been thoroughly tested. IV. Be aware that fad diets are not the answer to healthy nutrition only lifestyle changes are. 1. According to the American pith association (2010), fad diets are not nutritionally balanced. a. They mostly focus on one food or nutrient which defeats the number one principle of nutrition eat a ample variety of food. b.It is not possible to get all your nutrients from one food (AHA, 2010). i. Carbohydrates are call for for energy. ii. Protein to needed create hormones such as insulin. iii. Fat needed to nourish us warm a nd protect organs. 2. Diana Wright, registered dietitian, says that fad diets lack exercise, claim unrealistic weight loss, and arent based on facts. Its no closed book that what we eat has an effect on our lives, but yet we still fail to be conscious of what we take in. I think its important for all of you to start making better food choices today by being aware of the health risks, ads, fad diet gimmicks, and reading labels.If we can start spick-and-span healthy habits now, they may be harder to break down the road. Works Cited American heart association. (2010). Quick weight loss or fad diets. Retrieved from http//www. americanheart. org/presenter. jhtml? identifier=4584 Center for disease control. (2010, March 2). Retrieved from www. cdc. gov Center for science in the existence interest. (2009) Retrieved from www. cspinet. org Insel, P. , & Turner, E. , Ross, D. (2006). Discovery Nutrition second edition. Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett Publishers. mayo Clinic. (2009, June) . Type 2 diabetes. Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. om/health/type-2-diabetes/DS00585 SAMPLE 2 Would you like to have less stress and more energy? Would you like to change your dead body shape or boost your sex life? How just about lowering your risk for cancer and heart disease? Im carnal knowledge you that you can achieve all of these things plus much more just by moving your body. Im not going to tell you how to move your body, and even though youve heard about it many times before, I am going to reiterate some of the benefits you will receive from exercising regularly because many of you still arent active enough. Unfortunately your health may be at risk.THESIS No matter what your shape, size or senesce, having a lifestyle that includes fittingness will help you feel better physically, mentally and help prevent disease. OUTLINE I. Exercise has many psychological and emotional benefits. A. Stress, depression and anxiety levels can be reduced with regular physical activit y. B. Persons that exercise regularly tend to be happier, have positive attitudes, and are more productive. (Indian Express) C. Many people have a more positive self-image and increased confidence. D. Boosts your mood. II. Consistent physical activity can help the way your body looks and feels.A. You can change your body shape by using weights with strength training exercises. B. vigor tension that can build up is relieved when toning your muscles. C. Your sleep quality is greatly improved. D. Combined with prim nutrition, helps to control weight and prevent obesity which is a risk factor for many diseases. III. Overall health is improved and aids in preventing illness. A. Helps decrease your risk heart disease and stroke by meliorate cholesterol levels, blood flow and heart function. B. Blood pressure is better managed. C. Prevents bone loss and osteoporosis by promoting bone formation. D.Exercise is linked to a decrease in the risk of colon cancer, breast tumors, and other mali gnancies. IV. elapse five reasons people dont exercise. A. They hate exercise. (5) Something enjoyable can always be found. B. They dont know how to exercise. (4) Many resources available to teach you about exercise. C. Theyre too tired to exercise. (3) employment regularly will actually increase your energy level. D. They dont have money. (2) There are many physical activities a person can do and they dont cost any money. E. They dont have time to exercise. (1) plurality have to choose to take the time to exercise.They only need 30 minutes a day, 3-5 times a week. WORKS CITED Age and Exercise sober Habits Form Early, Lyons, Linda, Gallup Poll Tuesday brief 11/26/2002, p1, 3p, 3 Graphs Newport, Frank , Source Book, Gallup Poll Briefing 11/22/2006, p1-4, 4phttp//ezproxy. fhda. edu2051/login. aspx? direct=true&db=pwh&AN=23777 509&site=pov-live American Cancer Society, www. cancer. org, More exhibit That Excercise Reduces Cancer Risk (2003) (accessed March 15, 2010) The SurgeonGen erals Vision For a Healthy and Fit Nation 2010, www. surgeongeneral. gov U. S. part of Health and Human Services (accessed March 15, 2010SAMPLE 3 Show video http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=qpYq9CBZoKQ Thesis When you choose to drink and accept you not only affect your life but you affect the lives of others around you. Introduction I will inform you of some statistics involving drunk effort. I will also discuss two indicators of effort under the influence. The punishments that follow after making this decision and what you can do to avoid drinking and driving. When people make the decision to drink and drive they not only affect their life but they affect the lives of others around them. I. Statistics of drunk driving A.Statistic information collected by the National thoroughfare Traffic rubber Administration. (posted on the Mothers Against Drunk operate website) 1. In 2008, an estimated 11,773 people died in drunk driving crashes involving a driver with an illegal BAC (. 08 or greater). (M. A. D. D. ) B. According to californiaavoid. org, the clearing house for DUI statistics for the thirteen cities in Santa Clara county, Santa Clara County had 289 DUI arrests from declination 18th through December 24th in 2009. C. These high numbers make me think that drivers today are unaware of how alcohol affects their driving abilities.II. The two primary indications of driving under the influence are your BAC and an inability to successfully pass field abstemiousness exercises. A. What is BAC? And how is it calculated? 1. BAC stands for Blood Alcohol Content/concentration. This is the part of alcohol in the bloodstream. (dictionary. com) 2. Calculation, use power point. B. How does alcohol affect your ability to pass field sobriety exercises? 1. Officers of the law will conduct many exercises a. Nystagmus (bouncing of pupils) b. Coordination exercises c. Balance exercises 2. Any amount of alcohol affects your ability to drive safely.The effects can include s lower reactions, increased stopping distance, poorer judgment of speed and distance, and reduced field of vision. (Blitz) C. Once you have crossed the line with drinking and driving there is no coming subscribe and what lies ahead of you are consequences and punishment. III. What types of consequences and punishments are out there? A. Law enforcement consequences 1. DUI/DWI a. Driving under the influences and driving sequence shake is the same thing and suffer the same consequences. 2. Suspension of license/ jail time a. Your driving privileges can and most likely will be revoked.B. Personal punishments 1. Loss of vehicle a. Car could end up totaled b. Car could be impounded c. This type of punishment can and will hurt your pocket. It will cost you a lot of money to replace or fix what is broken. 2. Insurance will increase a. Anyone that is found to be involved in an auto accident where alcohol was a contributing factor can expect more dire consequences. The person that was drin king and driving will either not be able to get their policy renewed or will pay much greater premiums than before the accident. (Odimba) 3. The inability to get hired due to DUI a.It is safe to assume that job opportunities which require the use of corporation vehicles are no longer open to those individuals convicted of driving under the influence. 4. Injury or goal a. Driving while intoxicated can lead you to injury yourself b. You can also kill mortal c. Alcohol related crashes are the leading cause of death for young Americans, between the ages of 16 and 24 years old. (Alcohol Impaired) C. Drinking and driving is not the only option you have, there are services out there that can get you and others home safely. IV. How to avoid drunk driving A. Local Services 1.Your Designated driver 877-NO-DUI-SJ a. This service will pick you and your automobile up and take you home. This is not a free service b. Service areas Campbell, Los Gatos, Santana Row B. Taxis C. Designated Drive 1. Before you go out with friends make sure there is a designated driver. 2. Have a plan before you start to drink. 3. Driving home intoxicated is not the answer, be a smart, save your life or anothers life. Conclusion mature your hand if your life is important enough to you, not to drink and drive. Keep your hand up if your friends life is also important enough to you, not to drink and drive.I hope the information I have given you has made your knowledge of driving under the influence more clear. Thousands of people our age die every day due to alcohol related accidents. I hope you will use the knowledge of calculating your blood alcohol content that it might keep you from getting behind the wheel. As I discussed there are many consequences and punishments for making the decision to drink and drive. I am telling you drinking and driving is not your only option, there are safer choices you can make that will keep you, another person, family member or friend alive. Dont drink and d rive.Work Cited Alcohol Impaired Driving Statistics. DUI Statistics Cause of Death. 14 March 2010 . Blitz on drink-driving. Bath Chronicle 30 May 2008 1-1. magazine DUI Statistics Winter Holiday 2009. California Avoid. 14 March 2010 . Mothers Against Drunk Driving, M. A. D. D. . Statistics. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 14 March 2010 . Odimba, Chimezirim. How much will my insurance increase after one accident? . Ezine Articles. 14 March 2010 . SAMPLE 4 Topic Lottery tickets. Thesis There are certain beliefs about dra bring home the bacong off tickets, which will be proven wrong.Introduction 1. Todays Super Lotto numbers are 7, 12, 21, 43, 46 and Mega number 16, that based on calottery. com on April 29, 2006. 2. According to the gambling statistics at lotteryinsider. com, nearly 50% of all Americans claim they have bought a state lottery ticket in the past year. 3. People have four common beliefs about the lottery winning money, changing lives, less to more, one time only. 4. Persuasively, those four beliefs about the lottery are proven wrong. Body I. With the lottery you can win money. A. Yes, you can win moneykey word can. B. But do you know the chances of winning?C. Statistics show that in the California Lotto, your betting odds are 1 in 25,827,165. D. The chances of getting struck by lightning are high than winning the lottery. II. The lottery can change your life. A. True, the lottery changes your lifein more negative ways. B. found on CNN news, a man who won $57,000 in an Indiana lottery game taped for video recording died hours later after being hit by a pickup truck. C. Based on contrive news, a wife divorces her husband who won the lottery winner because of financial issues. D. Other problem arises when lottery winners come into contact with a high sum of money.III. Spending less money to win more money. A. Of course, the lottery cost one dollar for one line, which is less money. B. My mother have brought lottery tickets for 20 years spending approximately $5 a week. C. Multiply that by 52 weeks equals to $260, which times 20 years equal $5200. D. In the course of the 20 years, the total amount she won is estimated to around $100, which ends up spending more money than winning money. IV. First time players will play one time, which doesnt matter if they win or lose. A. First time players claim that they will not buy lottery tickets again.B. Although winning or losing money doesnt matter, the scenario is false. C. The winners will play again since they have the greed to win more money while the losers will continue to play until they win back the money they lost. D. dependence arouse for those lottery buyers, which sparks a new form of gambling. Conclusion 1. Again, nearly 50% of all Americans claim they have bought a state lottery ticket in the past year. 2. The four main beliefs about the lottery winning money, changing lives, less to more, one time only are proven wrong. . Imposingly, the odds are 1 in 25,827,165, lives of the winners are changing negatively, buyers spend more money than winning money, and premier time players continue to play. 4. In other words, if you do not want to waste money and time, do not buy a lottery ticketyour high hopes will just be a waste. Works Cited California Lottery. 21 April 2006. 2 May 2006. Gambling Statistics. Gall Up Poll News. 2 February 2004. 2 May 2006. Lottery winner dies in accident hours after show. CNN News. 24 January 2004. 2 May 2006.

China Development Industrial Bank

China maturement Industrial Bank Integrated Case Risk and Return Assume that you recently graduated with a major in finance. You just landed a job as a financial planner with China Development Industrial bank (CDIB), a large financial services corporation. Your first appellative is to invest $100,000 for a client. Because the funds to be invested in a business at the end of 1 year, you extradite been instructed to plan a 1-year holding period. Further, your boss has restricted you to the investment alternatives in the following table, shown ith their probabilities and associated outcomes.RETURNS ON ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS ESTIMATED RATE OF RETURN State Of the Economy Probability T-bills High Tech Collections U. S. Rubber food market Portfolio 2-stock-portfolio Recession 0. 1 5. 5% -27. 0% 27% 6% -17% 0% Below Average 0. 2 5. 5% -7% 13% -14% -3% Average 0. 4 5. 5% 15% 0 3% 10% 7. 50% Above Average 0. 2 5. 5% 30% -11% 41% 25% Boom 0. 1 5. 5% 45% -21% 26% 38% 12% r(hat) expected re turn 1. 00% 9. 80% 10. 50% ? (std deviation) 0. 0% 13. 20% 18. 80% 15. 20% 3. 40% CV 13. 20% 1. 90% 1. 4% 0. 50% beta -0. 87% 88. 00%CDIBs economic forecasting staff has developed probability estimates for the state of the miserliness and its security analysts have developed a sophisticated computer program, which as used to estimate the rate of return on each alternative under each state of the economy. High Tech Inc. is an electronics firm, collection Inc. collects past due(p) debts, and U. S. Rubber manufactures tires and various other rubber and plastic products. a. (1)Why is the T-bills return independent of the state of the economy? Do T-bills promise a completely risk-free return? Explain. The estimated rate of return on T-bill which is 5. 5% does not depend on

Citizenship education Essay

The purpose of citizenship education is to contribute to the surfaceness of our body politic1 and to em come through students to translate their beliefs into actions and their ideas into policies. The primary goal of the De policeargon Civics Standards is student get winding of the purpose and representation of authority2 and put outdom3 and the relationship mingled with them. Civics directly addresses citizenship education within the context of policy-making systems. Students study the assumptions upon which presidential terms be founded, and the organizations and strategies political sympathiess employ to achieve their goals. With particular(prenominal) respect to the coupled States, students attain the to a lower placelying article of faiths of representative re overt, the perfect separation of powers, and the rule of law. They need to grind that an immanent premise of representative democracy is the pass oningness of citizens to place a high premium on their stimulate personal responsibility for interlocking in social decision-making.see more go out the context of financial support skills for everyday lifeStudents develop the skills which citizens must possess in order to discharge those responsibilities composition defend their recompenses and the rights of an otherwise(prenominal)s. The study of civics prep ars students to translate their beliefs into actions and their ideas into policies. Governments exist and are instituted for special purposes and employ a variety of organizational structures to succeed their objectives. Constitutional democracy attempts to balance feature-by-item renouncedom with the unavoidably of the society as a whole. Ameri drive out citizens need a raw material reading of the structure of dissimilar forms of presidential term and a detailed experience of a shapingal democracy. Students pull up stakes learn the underlying principles of representative democracy,4 the constitutional separati on of powers,5 and the rule of law,6 with peculiar(prenominal) respect to the United States.The American political system was purposely created to rest on a hind end of person liberty, freedom of religion, representative democracy, equal opportunity, and equal security system under the law. These principles and ideals are codified in the United States Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and other significant documents. Understanding, achieving, and up curbing these principles and ideals represent a major ch every(prenominal)enge to each win generation of Americancitizens. Students will develop the skills which citizens must possess in order to accept their responsibilities while protect their rights and the rights of others. The political, religious, and frugal freedoms provided to American citizens are accompanied by the responsibility of active civic participation at the individual, community, put forward, and national levels.Effective citizens need to study the dedication a nd commitment inevitable to safeguard those rights for themselves and upcoming generations as well as the authorization consequences of inaction. They should to a fault be able to distinguish mingled with rights and privileges. Students will learn to translate their beliefs into actions and their ideas into policies. The intent to participate in the American political system must be matched with the specific skills necessary to be effective. Such skills take on, but are not special to, registering to voting, interacting successfully with disposal agencies, organizing and working in civic chemical groups, researching and advocating a position, or serving in an office of public trust. The Delaware Civics Standards vociferate for reason the purposes,7 principles,8 and generalizations9 that infuse the images in the standards with their contextual heart. CIVICS STANDARD ONE Students will picture the structure and purposes of governments with specific idiom on constitutiona l democracy Government.Enduring UnderstandingsStudents will understand thatConstitutional democracy10 as a structure of government developed from the tension amongst the need for authority and the need to constrain authority. Governments are structured to address the basic need of the people in a society. The key to understanding the purposes, principles, and generalizations called for in the standards is to begin with the question wherefore? For example, Standard One says, Students will examine the structure and purposes of governments with specific fierceness on constitutional democracy. The purposes of governments, of course, are the wherefore of governments. Beginning with the question, wherefore do we start out government? yields the question, What needs does government address? The reception to this question is the foundational understanding for the bench marks of the standard. The structure of governments is determined in part by history and custom, but to the highes t degreely they grow from what reason and experience check taughtsocieties near the organizational requirements for achieving the purposes of government.11 You can derive the basic purposes of government by imagining a community and questioning what needs of a community baron require authority to address. In fact, most famous political philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, for example) have utilise the device of the imaginary community to explain their version of the purposes of the state in terms so childly that scour grade school students can easily understand them. All governments invariably address essentially the same needs security, order, and the welfare of the usualwealth. They all submit, go for, and adjudicate law to meet the need for order, organize the common defense, and provide services to promote the welfare of the citizens. The structures of governments reflect the slipway governments are organized to perform these functions. The basic p urposes and principles of governmentincluding the responsibilities of citizenship12 in a general sensecan be illuminated with the experiences of the students.Families meet needs of security, order, and welfare with the principle of authority, as do schools and communities. The themes of authority, obedience, responsibilityand the very important constraints on authority for the tax shelter and freedom of the ruledare found in the social context of every student. If students can learn how to see the purposes, principles, and generalizations suggested by the standard in their own experiences, they become easier to understand and retain and more relevant. The emphasis on constitutional democracy called for in the standard reflects the enduring human struggle to find a way to protect ourselves from our protectors. The tension between the need for authority and the need to constrain authority is a prominent theme of history and is an inherent condition of life.The historically remarkable rise and spread of constitutional democracy evolved from both the villainy of authority13 and a rekindled belief in the desirability of individual freedom14. The embedded concepts of a higher law15 that constrains the makers and enforcers of law (constitutions), accountability of rulers (democratic processes), and civil rights16 arose from an abundantly justified distrust of power and a ripening consensus that superstar of the purposes of the state is the protection and promotion of the freedom of its citizens. New structures of government were devised to better fulfill and in force(p) this new purpose of government. The need forauthority and the need to constrain it is the foundational understanding called for by Civics Standard One. The structures of novel governments developed from the experiences of people trying to meet these twin needs. Civics Standard One 6-8a Students will understand that governments have the power to make and enforce laws and regulations, levy taxes, conduct foreign policy, and make war.Essential Questionwhy does a government have certain powers?The focus here is on understanding the need for these powers (the why?) and having a general knowledge of what these specific powers entail. The need for order and security within is intercommunicate through with(predicate) the power to make and enforce laws and regulations. The need to promote national interests abroad, curiously security and economic interests, is turn to by the power to conduct foreign policy. The power to make war arises primarily from the need for security. The power to levy taxes arises from the need to pay for it all. unrestricted questions that teachers might ask in a classroom imply1. wherefore does the government enforce their laws with police rather than allow people to be free?2. wherefore does the government take taxes out of our paychecks?3. wherefore does the government participate in wars?4. Who gave the U.S. government the power to enforce laws? Why?5. What does it mean that governments have powers?Civics Standard One 6-8b Students will analyze the different functions of federal official, state, and local governments in the United States and examine the reasons for the different organizational structures each level of government employs.Essential QuestionWhat different needs should be addressed by the different levels of government? The student should understand the general concept of federalism17 a territorial division of power based on the overall sovereignty of the national government with constitutionally guaranteed powers for state governments within the boundaries of their respective states. In theory, this division of power is clearly delineated and distinguishable. In reality, however, the flow of power has shifted overtime between the federal and state governments and has resulted in alternating periods of cooperation, conflict, and broil throughout the course of American history. More than 200 years after the s igning of the Constitution, Americans continue to resist virtually the proper role for these levels of government.Then the student should understand the United States has adopted a federal system for a variety of reasons including our negative experiences with unitary18 (as British colonies) and confederal19 systems (under the Articles of Confederation), the distrust of centralized power, the coition sensitivity of state or local governments to the particular needs and views of their citizens, and the relative efficiency of state or local governments in responding to these needs and views. Advantages to federalism complicate allowing a variety of local governments to deal with local problems while allowing local pick outrs to hold local officials accountable, permitting more points of access and greater opportunities for political participation, better protections for individual rights, and fewer constraints on innovation.The bench mark also explicitly calls for knowledge of t he reasons for the different structures of government at each level, which essentially arise from the differences in needs addressed. Generally stated, the functions of the national government include national defense, monetary policy, and foreign representation. Infrastructure, protection from crime, welfare, education, and other practical needs are more clearly the responsibility of state governments. Sewage, garbage, culture, urban development, and traffic attend are usually the tasks of local government. Open-ended questions that teachers might ask in a classroom include 1. What functions does the federal government have that state governments do not have? Why is there a difference? 2. Why might the different functions of federal, state, and local governments require them to have different organizational structures? 3. Why do states usually leave garbage collection and parking laws up to towns and cities in the state? 4. Why do most cities in America have their own police force ? CIVICS STANDARD twain Students will understand the principles and ideals underlying the American political system Politics.Enduring UnderstandingStudents will understand thatThe principles and ideals underlying American democracy are designed topromote the freedom of the American people. Fundamental ideals are enumerated in the introduction to this standardindividual liberty, freedom of religion, representative democracy, equal opportunity, and equal protection under the law. This is not a complete list of the main ideals of American democracy, but they are umbrella concepts. For example, the principles of limited government and civil rights are way of life to achieve individual liberty. As with the previous standard, understanding requires effects to the question, Why? Yet the standard calls for a more developed understanding of the meaning and issues involved with liberty and equality.An essential question for this standard as a whole might be, Why should people be free? Fund amental assumptions about the value and competence of human beings and the importance of freedom to human purpose be these ideals. These ideals also have a dark side and involve serious tradeoffs and costs. This deeper understanding of American ideals belongs to the free minds of a free people and is required by Civics Standard Two. Civics Standard Two 6-8a Students will understand that the concept of majority rule does not mean that the rights of minorities may be disregarded and will examine and apply the protections accorded those minorities in the American political system.Essential QuestionsHow might the majority threaten individual and nonage rights? Why are citizens protected by the Constitution?Should individual rights be limited?Students should understand that democracy means rule by the people, and that majority votes are just an arbitrary indicator of what the people want. Although that principle is central to the American political system, it is not absolute. People, including large numbers of them (i.e., majorities), sometimes act out of anger, prejudice, or ignorance and are not always well informed. By limiting the principle of majority rule, Americans have seek to balance the interests of individuals with the common good20. Majority rule places a very important constraint on political authority, but it is completely insufficient to protect individual liberty. Every student destined to become an American citizen should understand that the majority can be as much of a tyrant as any dictator. They should understand that the addition of the Bill of Rights21 to the U.S.Constitution wasmotivated by the recognition that citizens need protection from abuse of governmental authority, take down when the government is theoretically obedient to the will of the majority of the citizens. There are more instances in American history where minority groups once did not receive the same protections as the majority. The benchmark is somewhat misleading in speaking of the rights of minorities, because minorities are not now accorded any more or little rights than members of a majority. What we now call the rights of minorities is founded on individual rights. The Constitution does not specify group rights. So understanding this benchmark really comes down to understanding the meaning and purpose of the Bill of Rights with the mentality that students should also appreciate how these rights protect minorities from discrimination.There are many examples of how minorities were served by political documents and rulings that protected individuals from discrimination. Open-ended questions that teachers might ask in a classroom include 1. If most people follow one religion, why shouldnt the government pass a law that restricts the rights of people with other religious beliefs? 2. If most Americans are offended by people who protest a war, why not allow the government to declare protestors unpatriotic and put them all in jail? 3. Why might Americans be uneffective to prevent newspapers or websites from printing letters that insult other people? 4. What is meant by the tyranny of the majority and why should we fear it? 5. How are minorities protected by individual rights?Civics Standard Two 6-8b Students will understand the principles and content of major American state papers such as the Declaration of Independence United States Constitution (including the Bill of Rights) and the Federalist Papers.Essential QuestionsHow are the principles of major American state papers guaranteeing liberty to contemporaneous Americans? It would be a bit much to insist on an understanding of the whole content of these papers, especially the Federalist Papers22, but students can well achieve an understanding of the main principles reflected in these documents. The overriding principle is individual liberty most of the other principles concern the means to achieve liberty. The principles of the major state papers are the principles an d ideals ofAmerican democracy. The introduction to Civics Standards Two draws specific attention to the fact that the American political system was intentionally created to rest on a foundation of individual liberty, freedom of religion, representative democracy, equal opportunity, and equal protection under the law.Political equality, rights, limited government23, checks and balances, and other principles of American government are pronounced, asserted, and discussed in the state papers. The understanding of the principles called for by this benchmark is the understanding reflected in these papers, which requires some perspective on the times in which they were written. An compend of what the authors really meant in their assertion of a principle and why they asserted them could help students achieve this benchmark. For example, what did all men are created equal mean at the time of the Declaration of Independence? To truly understand a principle, one must be able to identify its practical applications.Such understanding is addressed more directly in Standard Three, but the focus there is on the Bill of Rights. Students should be able to identify the practical applications of the principles not included in the Bill of Rights. While these principles are sometimes in conflict and while disparities have always existed between the realities of daily life and the ideals of American democracy, the preservation and improvement of American constitutional democracy depends largely on the efforts of each succeeding generation to get up to these principles and narrow the disparities. Open-ended questions that teachers might ask in a classroom include1. What is the meaning of We the People?2. Why is the claim that all men are created equal important to American democracy? How has the meaning of the phrase changed over time?3. Why was there a debate about whether we should have a strong federal government or not? Should the debate continue?4. What was the purpose of ame nding the constitution with the first ten amendments called the Bill of Rights? 5. What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?6. Why did the signers of the Declaration of Independence think they had the right to declare independence from Great Britain? Here is a released item from the Social Studies DSTP that illustrates the assessment of thisbenchmark. This test item focuses on the inalienable rights stated in the Declaration of Independence and how the Constitution of the United States discoverd those rights. The student should provide shew to support the answer. The item is open ended, which means that there is more than one way to answer this question correctly.The following is an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends (life, liberty, and the pastime of happiness), it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it How did the writers of the U.S. Constitution ensure that the government would not distress the rights stated in the Declaration of Independence? Support your answer with evidence. A student should provide an answer that gives a valid explanation of how the writers of the U.S. Constitution ensured that the government would not damage the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. A student should also include evidence to support the explanation. See the DSTP webpage for more items and sample, annotated student responses. http//www.doe.k12.de.us/aab/social_studies/Social_Studies_item_samplers.shtml CIVICS STANDARD leash Students will understand the responsibilities, rights, and privileges of United States citizens Citizenship.Enduring UnderstandingsStudents will understand thatEffective citizens are committed to protecting rights for themselves, other citizens, and future generations, by upholding their civic responsibilities and are aware of the potential consequences of inaction. Distinctions between a citizens rights, responsibilit ies, and privileges help to define the requirements and limits of personal freedom. Once again, the why of responsibilities and rights, and the distinction between rights and privileges is central to understanding the standard. American citizens have the right to certain individual freedoms and liberties found in the U.S. Constitution. further, individual freedoms and liberties have limits imposed by the fact that others also have the same freedoms and liberties. Respect for the rights of others, for example, limits some individual actions.Suppose two dwells are in dispute over a tree growing on ones lawn that extends touch over the others lawn. The man who does not want the shade cannot cutdown his neighbors tree, only that part of the tree that hangs over his shoes. His seat rights end at the bounds of his topographic point, and the boundary between the two neighbors extends to other rights as well. American democracy imposes a cost on its citizens. For government to be eff ective, it must have an effective citizenry that understands what is required to maintain individual freedoms and liberties. Citizens have responsibilities that, if met, ensure the health of American democracy. Citizens should hold governmental officials accountable byVoting and keeping informed change to the common defense through military service if necessary Checking the judicial powers of government and safeguarding the rights of the accused by serving on juries Contributing to public safety and order by obeying the law and reporting violations of the law and Performing public service when the need arises.Privileges may be defined by what they are notthey are not rights, and thus a citizen has to earn a privilege. For example, it is not a birthright to take up a car. Driving well benefits society and the driver, continues the privilege, and costs the driver and thus all other drivers less in insurance. Driving poorly or dangerously costs more insurance and may even cause loss o f a drivers license. A classroom discussion with students could elicit other examples. Civics Standard Three 6-8a Students will understand that civil rights secure political freedom while property rights secure economic freedom and that both are essential protections for United States citizens.Essential QuestionsIn what ways are citizens protected from the government? From each other? How might shared rights lead to conflict between citizens or citizens and the government? To what extent do property rights24 define an individuals freedom? This benchmark calls for a further elaboration of the ideal of freedom by making a distinction between political and economic freedoms25. At this stage, a student should understand the connection between civil rights and the requirements of democracy, which is the means by which political freedom is secured. Freedom of expression, the right to vote, the right to due process, etc., are clearly necessary to democracy, and thus tothe securing of freed om. Yet the lack of property rights would make even these rights precarious, blurring the distinction between political and economic rights in practice.Some basic property rights can be considered essential protections for political as well as economic freedom. The enormous powers and resources that governments possess pose considerable threats to a relatively defenseless individual. civic and property rights impose reasonable limits on those who hold power and create the conditions in which fundamental individual liberties might be protected and enjoyed. The center of gravity in this benchmark is the understanding of the connection between property rights and freedom in general. Citizens, by applying civil rights, can acquire property or make economic decisions freely. The student will have to understand the concept of economic freedom to see how property rights relate to the subset of human activities we label economic. In essence, economic freedom is the right to own, use, and di spose of property, but it also involves the right to sell ones labor.A well-developed understanding would include the realization that property rights can also conflict with freedom, and that they are subject to the same conflicts and tradeoffs as other rights or values and may actually curtail or even deny other peoples liberties (e.g., claiming slaves as property or attempting to keep minorities out of neighborhoods). Open-ended questions that teachers might ask in a classroom include1. Why is private ownership of stemmaes and homes seen as important to freedom?2. How might the property rights of a business owner threaten the freedom of others? 3. Which is more important making sure everyone has a job or allowing everyone to choose their job? Why?4. How do political rights secure political freedom?5. When might individuals property rights conflict with the freedom of others? Civics Standard Three 6-8b Students will understand that American citizenship includes responsibilities s uch as voting, control board duty, obeying the law, service in the armed forces when required, and public service.Essential QuestionWhy should American citizens perform certain civic duties?Responsibilities is the word that dominates this benchmark. The benchmark lists examples of what citizenship in a democracy requires, andunderstanding why each is necessary elaborates the understanding of the general purpose of citizenship responsibilities. The general purpose, of course, is to meet the requirements of freedom. Demands for freedom create the potential for great disorder unless citizens of a free society act responsibly. Open-ended questions that teachers might ask in a classroom include 1. How can people be free if they have responsibilities like jury duty and possibly military service? 2. Why are people responsible for obeying the law even if they dont agree with it? 3. Why should we be concerned if many citizens do not vote in most elections? 4. If voting is a responsibility o f citizenship, why are citizens not required by law to vote? 5. Do citizens have responsibilities mainly for the good of the government or for the good of their workfellow citizens? CIVICS STANDARD FOUR Students will develop and employ the civic skills necessary for effective, participatory citizenship Participation.Enduring UnderstandingsStudents will understand thatEffective citizens can research issues, form reasoned opinions, support their positions, and engage in the political process. Effective governance requires responsible participation from diverse individuals who translate beliefs and ideas into lawful action and policy. There is a change in focus from understanding to skills with the fourth standard, but understanding is necessary to show evidence of such skills on the test. Why is still important, but how and what have equal billing on this standard. Why does a citizen participate? How does a citizen participate in democracy? What does a citizen do? Civics Standard qu aternion requires students to demonstrate and use effectively the skills of a citizen. Such skills include, but are not limited toRegistering to voteInteracting successfully with government agenciesOrganizing and working in civic groupsResearching and advocating a position orServing in an office of public trust.Teachers should use activities in the classroom which simulate or model the skills. Civics Standard cardinal 6-8a Students will follow the actions of elective officials, and understand and employ the mechanisms forcommunicating with them while in office.Essential QuestionsWhich means for communicating with office holders is usually more effective and why? Why is it important to know about the person and circumstances when communicating with an officeholder? This benchmark moves from becoming informed about candidates to staying informed about elected officials. Student understanding of participation is expected to spiral at the grade 68 level so that students acquire the sk ills and understandings needed to monitor the actions of, and communicate effectively with, officials after they have been elected to office. Understanding the mechanisms for communicating with office holders involves why citizens should communicate and awareness of the available means to communicate and their relative effectiveness.What is an effective method of communication depends on the person in office and circumstances. For example, a citizen just cannot paseo to the front door of the White House and ask to see the President (at least not anymore). But a citizen could (and often will) call a school board member or other local official at home to discuss issues of importance. A representative democracy is supposed to function at its best when informed citizens communicate a range of ideas, opinions, desires, and concerns to their representatives so that they might enact prudent public policies and serve in ways that honor and promote the common good. Open-ended questions that a teacher might ask in a classroom include 1. How does a citizen communicate with a member of sexual relation? 2. How does a citizen find out what an elected official has done since they were elected?