Personal Ethnography

What is ethnicity? Ethnicities are the common characteristics of a group of people. As a large multi-national country, China is composed of 56 ethnic groups. My family is Han Chinese. Han people are majority people group in the China, account for 91. 59 of the overall Chinese population according to the Fifth National Population census of 2000. I was born and grew up in China so I would account myself, identify as the full-blooded Chinese. I don not have the complicated ethnic background. However Asian Americans have been in American for over 150 years.My ancestors never leave their homeland motivated by seeking political asylum or dreams of a money in my family history. Therefore, my roots allow me to be classified as Chinese. Mandarin is my mother tongue, all my families speak it and read it. All education is conducted in Mandarin. It does not mean there no problem among the Mandarin speakers all around the China because there are over 600 regional dialects except Mandarin. Older g eneration used to speak regional dialects, like my parents often speak Fukienese with my grandparents.Generally, China’s main religion are Buddhism, this was the only foreign religion to be absorbed into and changed by Chinese culture, contributing in many ways to the country’s cultural development. Buddhism is also my family’s beliefs, we will worship Budda in some festivals. No matter the language or the religion also help to identify me as full-blooded Chinese. Other identifying me as a Chinese by my skin color, hair, eyes, other appearance features, and ask me where I come from. I'm a little bit shy at school, and when I have questions or I need help on my subjects, I hesitate to raise my hand.Since my freshman year I have been like this. I attend every class and turn in every homework or project on time, for this reason, they identified me as an Asian, because of the stereotypes placed on Asians my behavior and attitude contributed to people's reasoning. Ch ina is the oldest civilization in the world and Chinese civilization was built on agriculture. The collective (group-oriented) nature of Chinese values is largely the product of thousands of years of living and working together on the land (Hu, Grove 1) Today, China is a communist government with a socialist ideology and a capitalist economy.Traditional festivals are celebrated in many countries all around the world. China with its long history and predominantly agricultural society has large number of traditional festivals. As Eberhard states â€Å"Few nations have such a multitude of romantic and colorful celebrations as do the Chinese† (Eberhard 31). Also, the family not the individual, is the basic unit in China, all festivals are family festivals rather than church or state festivals. The Chinese New Year was and still the most widely celebrated festival throughout the whole China.It is the time for family reunions, a time for visits with friends, a rest for the hard wor k and all sorts of entertainment. That is so true that The Chinese New year is a big event and it should be my favorite festival. The Chinese New year officially lasts one month, but in that very day everyone tries to be at home, families sit all together at a big table to share a delicious dinner. Kids wear new cloths and wait for pocket money from parents, then we have firecrackers to welcome the New year. Usually, the first day of the New Year is devoted to feasting and visiting relatives.On the second or third day friend visit and exchange good wishes. Food is one of the most significant resources in life. All cultures differentiate themselves through their development and attitude toward food. Therefore, there is a wide variation of food, which often has a lengthy developmental history, that symbolizes diverse cultural attitudes; specific foods, such as pasta for Italians, curry for Southeastern Asians, and pierogi for Poles, serve as a focus for ethnic identity (Hirschberg 57) . As a Chinese, I respect all food, and do care about it.Maybe I could say it is the most distinguished cuisine in this world. Americans like pastas, pizza or meat as entrees, however rice is a basic and important food to us. People in western countries like to use butter, cheese as ingredients, but we use soy sauce and bean curd. We have so many different techniques for cooking food, such as boiling, deep-frying and pickling, but they are not always done in the totally same ways. Take an example of boiling, one is cooking in water makes it continues to boil, and the other one is put the stuff in boiled water and then reducing the temperature.However, although Chinese people share the same culture, some food items a re available in only particular regions. I lived in south China, there are many basins and plains, which help the various harvests of food because of the warm and moist growth environment; rice, green vegetables, and animals are produced. Do not like northern China, most likely are grown for wheat. As the globalization, Chinese and Americans are interacting with each other more. The western traveler must be aware of the different greeting styles that exist in China.The most common greeting among the Chinese is Nihao, which means greetings or good day. We do use direct greetings like â€Å"Good morning†, â€Å"Good afternoon†, or â€Å"Good night†. You may use Nihao either on virtually any occasion regardless of the time of day or the social status of the person you are greeting. And the most conventional way to greet a Chinese is simply to say his or her name, perhaps adding a term of respect. For examples, a girl just back from school may call out â€Å"Baba† (Daddy) when greeting her father.I think you should not greet Chinese with kiss, hug or other physical contact beyond handshaking, these nonverbal forms will not be appreciated. given name while in the United States the reverse is true. Prepare for this paper I sea rched for several materials and look up so many book about the Chinese culture. As a Chinese I still learn lots of new acknowledge that I never know before. For instant, like Chinese New year, I did not know the origin of this festival. I would like to share information with others but I don’t want to make a label with racism or others.Racism will never end unless the word race is not used any more. We must stop separating Chinese, American, and Mexican groups. Works Cited Hirschberg, Stuart, and Terry Hirschberg. Every Day, Everywhere: Global Perspectives on Popular Culture. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print. Eberhard, Wolfram. Chinese Festivals. New York: H. Schuman, 1952. Print. Hu, Wenzhong, and Cornelius Lee. Grove. Encountering the Chinese: a Guide for Americans. Yarmouth, Me. : Intercultural, 1999. Print.

Hamlet’s Delay Essay

In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the main character continually delays acting out his duty of avenging his father’s murder. This essay will discuss how Hamlet’s nature and morals (which are intensified by difficult events) prevent him from carrying out the task. In the opening scenes of the play, the Ghost of Hamlet’s late father reveals to him the true means by which King Hamlet died. The Ghost tells Hamlet that Claudius pouring poison into his ear caused his father’s death. He exhorts Hamlet to avenge the murder. Hamlet’s initial response is to act on the Ghost’s exhortation quickly. Hamlet says; â€Å"Haste me to know’t that I with wings as swift†¦May sweep to my revenge, (Roberts, pg. 1370).† Yet by the end of the same scene, his reluctance to murder King Claudius is evident. Hamlet says; â€Å"This time is out of joint, O cursed spite, that I was ever born to set it right, (Roberts, pg. 1374).† Hamlet is like a soldier that is thrown into a war where he has to do some things he rather would avoid doing, but under the given circumstances he bites his teeth and carries himself well (Stratford, 128). In this war, the circumstances brought on by Claudius’s murdering of King Hamlet are Hamlet’s enemy. His dead father is the destroyed country, painful truth that leaves so much hatred and resentment in his heart. Being a loyal prince and son, and one whom entire kingdom respected, he should seek revenge and bring justice back in the royal court. Many theories have been put forward as to the reasons for Hamlet’s delay in avenging the King from hereon in. One theory suggests that Hamlet wished to determine the nature of the Ghost before acting, for he says in Act II: Scene 2 that â€Å"The spirit I have seen may be a devil.† However, even after the ‘play within a play’ through which Hamlet has obtained his ‘proof’ as to the nature of the Ghost and confirmed that Claudius is guilty, Hamlet says † I’ll take the Ghost’s word for a thousand pound,† but fails to act and can only contemplate the event. Similarly, when Hamlet stumbles upon Claudius praying, he does not take the  opportunity to kill the King, rather he makes excuses, saying he does not want Claudius to go to heaven. However, this is little more than a delay tactic, and Hamlet also does not make any further plans to kill the King, for we seem to be puzzled by it (if we were in the audience, the whole scene would have lasted only moments, but as readers, we have the freedom to ponder about it). At least so was Professor Dowden, to name one critic, who holds that Hamlet â€Å"loses a sense of fact† because he puts every event through his mind, filtering it until every deed seems to have an alternative – in not doing the deed, but evaluating it even more (Bloom, pg. 66). In addition, Hamlet was a philosopher rather than a man of action, unlike Claudius and Laertes. He himself sees that one of his problems is to â€Å"think too precisely on the event.† He is intellectual and reflective, preferring to ponder rather than take action. Hamlet is very brave and impulsive Prince, but the plot seems to prevent him from finding an â€Å"external model or a simple solution for conduct,† so that he must depend more on thinking, and less on acting (Stratford, 105). He realizes that killing a King is a great crime The most plausible explanation is that Hamlet’s own nature and values continually hindered him from performing the task. Hamlet is a sensitive, introverted young man, who is naturally prone to melancholia. Coleridge and Goethe would agree with this, holding that Hamlet’s soul is too philosophical and it lacks ability to instinctually act on impulse, and that he is â€Å"too sensitive to avenge himself,† (Grebanier, pg. 159). But if one only reads what goes on in the play, Hamlet could by no means be called too sensitive or passive. The Ghost’s revelation and also the fact that his mother has remarried to King Claudius, intensify his already melancholic disposition. His mother’s remarriage is an abomination in Hamlet’s eyes. This is because the marriage was soon after his father’s death; King Hamlet was â€Å"But three months dead.† This shows little sensitivity to those who are grieving and also implies that their relationship was initiated before King Hamlet died. Secondly, the marriage was against canon law, which made it a sin. Hamlet says to his mother in Act III: Scene 4, â€Å"Have you not eyes? You cannot call it love. O shame! Where is thy blush?† These successive shocks  deepen Hamlet’s depression. In Act II: Scene 2 Hamlet says to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, â€Å"I have of late†¦lost all my mirth.† He falls deeper and deeper into the slough of fruitless brooding. In his first soliloquy he says; â€Å"O that this too solid flesh would melt.† Thus, the task is too onerous for the fragile, melancholic Hamlet. Hamlet also delays killing the King because he is unsure of the morality of carrying out such a task. This factor is important, as Hamlet is a very idealistic and moralistic person. Revenge was prohibited by ecclesiastical law, but the duty of ‘personal honor’ prevalent in Elizabethan times often won through. In the play, Hamlet debates the morality of revenge, saying that â€Å"Is’nt not perfect conscience and isn’t not to be damned to let this canke of our nature come in further evil.† At this stage it is clear that Hamlet is having serious doubts about killing the King. After all, to kill an anointed King, even in an act of revenge, was considered a serious offence. Furthermore, as Hamlet points out in the above quote, he would be carrying out the very act he was condemning. In addition, in regards to his mother’s sin, the ghost had told Hamlet to â€Å"leave her to heaven.† This creates a moral dilemma for Hamlet because if it is God’s duty to deal with his Mother’s sin, surely the same applies to Claudius. In conclusion, Hamlet delays in killing the King because of his own character; he is a philosopher and is of a melancholic disposition. External events in the play do not contribute to Hamlet’s delay, but are rather used to Hamlet’s advantage as excuses to further delay avenging his father’s murder. Works Cited Grebanier, Bernard. The Heart of Hamlet, The Play Shakespeare Wrote. New York:Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1960. Hamlet. Editor Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, a division of MaineLine Book Co., 1990. Hamlet. Stratford-Upon-Avon Study. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1963. Roberts, Edgar V. and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Readingand Writing, (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 2001),pgs. 1349-1451.

Essay Football vs Rugby

Ricardo Pardey ID 596397911 Second Essay February 15, 2013 Football Vs. Rugby When I was a senior in high school, I played on my school’s rugby team. It was really excite and funny while I played almost all weekend even though it is not popular in Colombia. But then when I came to the United States, it catch my attention that everybody likes and watches Football and it made me contrast these two aggressive sports Rugby and Football. These two sports are almost the same, for example the object of both games is score points by carrying the ball beyond the possessive touchline and the ball has a prolonged spheroid shape.Even though they are similar in some aspects, the first big difference is related with the source. Rugby proceeds from England and Football from the USA. Because of their foundation, many small differences have been created that show the importance of the characteristics of the society and their impact on sports. First started with Football, this sport was created in the United State, which impacted the characteristics of the game. The major league of this sport is called the National Football League (NFL), and the major tournament is the Super Bowl.The rules of the game are; the game is formed by four 15-minute quarters with a half-time intermission, which shows that in the American mindset, it is better a lot of short times than a few very long halves. The field must had 120 yards long by 53. 3 yards wide, based on the measuring system used there. The ball is a prolonged spheroid, which is about 11 inches long and 22 inches in circumference and it, weight around 0. 875 lbs, to make the balloon aerodynamic so that it can travel longs distances. Each competitor must use helmets and padding during the game.The name of the things change, for example when you made a goal in Rugby it is called Try and in Football, touch down. Showing that the team can make unlimited substitution in each game but always having 11 players on the field, showing tha t in America the people believe that when anything stop working a hundred percent, it must be replaced by new ones One of the huge differences between Rugby and Football is that the number of substitutions that can be done by the coach in each game thanks to English cultural influence is 7.The other high-contact sport is Rugby, which was created in England. The major Tournament is the World Cup (Rugby Union) and the most known League is the Super 15; but there are a lot of leagues all over the world, among them are Aviva Prem, top 14, and in an international level NSW suburb rugby; Showing that the people play this sport all over the world not like Football, which is played only in a part of North America. The rules of this sport state that the ball must have the international 5 size, that means 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference with a weigh around 1lb.The fields have 120 meters long by 70 meters wide according to the metric system. On the field there must be situated only 15 pl ayers. They play two halves of 40 minutes with a ten-minute half time. The additional difference is the size of the player, as they don’t use helmets or any other equipment except a mouth guard. They have wider backs, being the thinnest player just 81kg and the heaviest 201. 7kg. The name of a goal is Trying and after made a point one player kicks the ball between the goal posts to win more points.After seeing the specific characteristic of both sport and the reason why they have these differences, to summarize, Rugby and American Football are two sports with intense physical aggression and the same goal: carrying the ball beyond the opponents touch line and kicking the ball between the goal post after they make the point. Even though they are parallel in some aspects; there are differences based on the source, such as the size of the ball, the field and the players, the length of the game and the number of substitutions permitted per team.In my personal experience, the place where the sport is created has a huge relation with the characteristics of the game. Because for example as football was created in the US the people over there like it because it is according to their characteristics; however, in the opposite side if a sport was created in a different country and the people want to play it, they will face some things can be consider whether not loved and strange, since recreation with Rugby in Colombia is not popular.

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Paraphrase - Essay Example This long-term project aimed at improving the hospital’s services to the immediate community and reducing or stopping the community’s reliance on care services from the city’s hospitals. The hospital’s board hired a new chief executive officer in the year 2004 to spearhead the desired change. She was previously a Registered Nurse before specializing in management. She did not reside in the locality and one of her major changes was transformation of the hospital’s top management team in which she brought in five new members, all from outside the immediate community, of the total eight. The cost of the new facility was about $ 63, $ 15 of which came from private donations, and it was launched in the year 2009. It had been expected to operate with a high level of efficiency and effectiveness towards meeting care needs but study on its employee satisfaction, conducted in the same year of launch, reported a decline in employees’ utility and determ ination and employees rated internal communication poorly. This was contrary to expectations that the new facility would improve service delivery to the public through better facilities, technology, and physical environment that management would enjoy. The contrary results motivated the hospital’s chief executive to enlist our services for a better understanding of the survey results and possible solutions to the unexpected

Self-Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Self-Analysis Paper - Essay Example It is a relatively common understanding that adjustment to society is different for each individual and, based on each person’s unique life experiences, people have created different coping mechanisms to deal with complicated life events or situations. With the aforementioned in mind, the pursuit of a counseling degree seeks to satisfy a personal need to take an individual who is confused, frustrated, concerned or otherwise unable to cope and help them to rationalize the specific reasons as to why others in society behave the way they do or why the individual requiring counseling should learn self-reflection to achieve their maximum capabilities. The end result of both casual and intensive counseling will only serve to provide society with a well-adjusted individual who is able to contribute successfully in areas of business, marriage, academics or in general society as a whole. Being able to take an individual who is experiencing life difficulties and assist them to become a well-rounded and thoughtful person is the very nature of counseling and is the largest rationale for the pursuit of this degree. From many viewpoints, this is the very nature of counseling: To create positive relationships and establish, within the individual , a sense of self-understanding which helps them to achieve in a variety of situations. This is what making a difference is truly all about. According to McCarthy and Leierer (2001), an ideal counselor consists of an individual who is dedicated to serving the public welfare and is willing to create deep, meaningful relationships with people who require a helping hand. Additionally, an ideal counselor maintains nurturing traits which involves a wide variety of listening skills, mature and thoughtful discussion, and remains focused on dedicating time and resources to a single individual in the pursuit of assisting in their own self-development. The very nature of seeking this

The Effect of Shoe Heel Height And Floor Incline Research Paper

The Effect of Shoe Heel Height And Floor Incline - Research Paper Example Discovered on Egyptian wall paintings dating back to 3500 B.C., high heels were owned by the privileged people and were made by fastening together leather parts, which were set to characterize the emblem for life. The prehistoric citizens of Renaissance, Rome and Greece would put on (kothorni) or buskins shoes with wood or cork soles. These shoes inferred social prominence and significance on the stage of a theater and on the streets of a civilization. Roman women were straightforwardly acknowledged as prostitutes by their high heels. The Middle Ages saw the entrance of designs, or wooden soles, which kept both sexes’ costly shoes from being stained by street rubbish. In the 1400s, chopines were massively prevalent among European women. Venetian women, in particular, made these seven or even thirty inch high heels conspicuous on the perilous Italian streets. For the reason that promenading requisite canes or servants for sustenance, escape from the harem was unmanageable. Chop ines were sooner or later banned for being too hazardous. Fashion dominated functions upon the official invention of high heels by the diminutive imminent Queen of France, Catherine de Medici. So as to appear more astounding and bewitching than her fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s concubine, Diana de Poitiers, Catherine dressed on a pair of 2 inch high heels for her wedding to the Duke of Orleans. She thrived with monarch after monarch ensuing her high heel tendency. High heels turned out to be so well-liked that the word well-heeled acknowledged a person of power or wealth. After Catherine de Medici put on her heels, high heels instigated their strenuous journey through history.  

Global Performance Management of IHRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Performance Management of IHRM - Essay Example The paper’s primary objective is to explore performance management and all its challenges (Adler, 56, Aswathappa & Dash, 178). The present study primary aim is to increase understanding on the performance management practices of the existing expatriates. The study looks at the understanding of related contextual factors and the efficiency (Black, Mendenhall, and Oddou, 197). Descriptive findings earlier studies pictures and also expound on several new ideas For example; team goals. The fundamental practices of performance management influencing the effectiveness of the system were perceived (Cohen, 157). The key outcome is set performance goals of expatriate performance management. The formal performance evaluation leads to an increased process efficiency (Devellis, 187, Beck, 58). The results further show the international level of a company, hierarchical position of the expatriate as well as the business’s size. The expatriate task type and the organisational structure influence practices of performance management (Kraemer, and Thiemann, 197). Human Resource Management (HRM) is a business practice and academic theory that addresses the practical and theoretical techniques of workforce management. HRM is universal as per its processes, policies and strategies. HRM has replaced personnel management gradually (Kyi, 328, Stolt, 197). Developing and managing human resource in a global setting is increasingly referred to as a central challenge. The prevailing company tendency towards internationalisation, inter-company merging and global operation has gradually increased the necessity of expatriation. Expatriation is aimed to fill the skills gap, technology transfer and new endeavour launching. Expatriation has been increasing steadily worldwide, and the trend continuation is very likely (Windham International and NFTC, 187. Krausert, 379). Efficient and good management

Computer Forensics report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Computer Forensics report - Essay Example o safeguard any evidence in its original state while conducting a structured investigation by collecting, categorizing, and validating the digital data for the purpose of getting information regarding a particular past event. 1. Acquisition: This is the process where the information which is in the hard drive that is in the investigation is duplicated and the information is blocked or the writer is blocked so as to prevent the information that is on the hard drive to be altered or modified. 2. Analysis: At this stage, the information which was found in the hard drive is examined carefully. This stage involves scrutiny of the data by the experts in preparation to present evidence in the court of law. This evidence can be retrieved by using various techniques such as key word searches, whereby they will search for items such as the list of the names or account numbers and such like things. This report scrutinizes the involvement of Clyde Barrow in fraud. The investigation also covers the fact that if Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker had been communicating. In the investigation conducted it was established that Clyde Barrow was involved in the fraud, in addition it was established that the two suspects had been communicating with each other. Also we were able to establish that Clyde Barrow was involved in terrorism activities. The evidential facts are as follows: 1 Clyde Barrow was dealing in counterfeit money. This can be proven by the fact that there were images of the counterfeit money in his hard drive. The images upon investigation, were found to be illegal, i.e. they were not legal tender. 2 Clyde barrow and Bonnie Parker not only knew about each other, they had been communicating via e-mail. In our investigations, we were able to establish that the two had in fact had exchanged e-mails. For instance, we had found an e-mail from Bonnie Parker to Clyde Barrow, but then Clyde Barrow had not replied to it. Clyde Barrow could have stated that he did not know

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 25

Leadership - Essay Example There must be procedures and policies that are vital in managing a program and therefore failure to successfully communicate these may interfere with success of the project. Workers need to understand basic information required in doing their jobs and therefore effective communication is really weighty in getting the job done. According to West (2012), there are always limited resources and time constraints that ought to be completed. Failure to accomplish project on time may indicate overall project failure and therefore all the resources both human and materials should be allocated in the most efficient way. Improper utilization of resources may break the smooth running of the project and eventually lead to terrible program failure. Also, resources and time play a major role in the estimation of the project. These two elements are very expensive and are the reason behind program budgeting and estimations. Failure to control resources and time may heighten the cost of the project. Indeed, resources and time are very important aspects of any project and are vital in determining long term health of the project. Managers are required to manage their conflicts democratically with a clear distinction between substantive and personal issues. In managing interpersonal conflicts, leaders need to be prepared with information that is more detailed and multiple alternatives to enhance the quality of their debate. Availability of more data, which are objective based, compel managers to focus on issues rather than personal matters or useless arguments rooted in ignorance. Inadequate information makes management rely mostly on guesses and baseless assumptions that do not help the program (West, 2012). Reliance on facts reduces involvement on personal issues and eventually interpersonal conflicts. In addition, administrators need to use humor and share a common goal in debates while maintaining a balanced power structure. Furthermore,

3. Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the Essay

3. Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the White populations - Essay Example This often tends to put the patients in need of immediate medical assistance, at a higher health risk. Furthermore, even though affordable health care providers are indeed located and identified, seeking self-referral for acute illnesses is another major problem. Most of the practitioners do not attend to patients on a self-referral in terms of securing an appointment with them, but instead are required to get one from ones family physician or alternatively seek initial assistance from some other general practitioner till a referral is received. This leads to wastage of time as well as money, which is both highly unacceptable setbacks in case of emergency medical care. The above mentioned hassles may not be bothersome to the economically well off individuals, however in case of an average citizen or a commoner, such setbacks play a huge role in influencing their decision and restricting their access to cheaper, better and effective health care. It has been observed on various occasions that assessing the exact type of illness suffered can be tricky. The situation is much worse in case of an ordinary citizen who has very little or absolutely no knowledge regarding medicine or health care. In such a situation, comprehending the actions of the physicians or nurses, or the tests carried out on them, especially during complex physical examinations becomes all the more difficult. Most of the time the patients have no knowledge or information regarding the tests carried out on them, their significance, or outcome, and even if they ask for a detailed explanation, they are often provided with an answer which includes complex medical jargon, which is practically incomprehensible to the ordinary individual. This may put the patients under tremendous pressure, and lead to awkwardness and unease among them. The health care practitioners must be trained to deal with such situations and communicate with them in a better and comprehensibl e manner, in order to save them

The Use of Isotopes in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Use of Isotopes in Medicine - Essay Example Majority of the chemical elements that exist on earth have multiple isotopes (Gagne, Leonard and Rivard, 2012). However, it is only that a single isotope gains dominance due to its abundant nature than the rest. Mostly, atoms are defined using their mass numbers (protons + neutrons) and this number is added to their chemical symbol as a subscript. Atom stability of the nucleus depends greatly on the protons to neutrons ratio. Isotopes have two classifications: the stable ones which do not change with time and the ones that possess a ratio that makes them unstable allowing them to change their mass numbers (Ling, et al, 2012). Stable isotopes have a constant concentration in the environment, though their distribution keeps on changing depending on the environmental preferences. Unstable isotopes decay with time through a process called radio-activity and assume different states. For instance, over a period of time it has been found that carbon – 14 decays into carbon – 1 2. Bonfils, et al., (2012) explains that some isotopes are more active than others and are more likely to decay faster than others until they attain stability. Fortunately, this rate of decay can be predicted or even measured hence can be used age determination. Used In Diagnosis Isotopes, especially radio-isotopes are widely being used in medicine to carry out nuclear examinations. Nuclear medicine is a scientific branch in medicine that employs the use of radiations to provide more information to the human body’s organic functioning or disease treatment (Jodal, Le Loirec & Champion, 2012). Through this information collected a proper and accurate diagnosis is given regarding a patient’s illness. Diagnostic techniques in most cases use tracers which are radioactive in nature for the body to release gamma rays. These tracers are short-lived but are judged with the role of checking particular physiological processes. The tracers can be administered orally or through inje ctions after which a camera is used to detect them. Gagne, Leonard, and Rivard (2012) assert that through the radiations being caused by the tracers, a doctor can examine the image produced by the camera and identify where the exact problem lies. Let us have a look at the PET scan where a radionuclide is injected into a body of a patient and concentrated in the tissue targeted (Jodal, Le Loirec & Champion, 2012). As the radionuclide decays, it emits positrons whose combination with electrons gives gamma rays emission that can be identified easily. Through the PET camera, their original direction can be studied and the affected organ be identified. The most commonly used isotopes in this study are fluoride- 18 which is used as an oncology tracer. It is the most effective method used in cancer examinations as well as heart and brain cell examinations. These scans have improved the diagnosis by almost 30%, providing critical information regarding the various types of diseases (Ling, et al., 2012). They can also be used to detect malfunction of organs through the speed of isotope movement. Use of Isotopes in Radionuclide Therapy (RNT) This is the art of controlling or even getting rid of the cancer tumor by using radionuclide radiations (Rana, et al, 2012). The tumor is irradiated through a process known as teletherapy, which is performed by emitting a beam of gamma rays from a radioactive source called cobalt-60. However, the

Business to Nation Building Essay Example for Free

Business to Nation Building Essay There are three particular foundations sustaining any process that concerns nation building: government representing political leadership; civil society or the citizens of the country; and business or the economic sector. These three concepts must work together and as much as possible, work together harmoniously to drive the said nation-building process forward because they serve as the hands and feet of the nation. Business is the cornerstone of prosperity in society: companies create the resources that permit social development and welfare. Companies, through their commercial operations, actively contribute to progress in society. Obviously, the government alone cannot accomplish things especially its projects and programs on its own. Had it been capable, it would already have done it. Without the businesses around, the government wouldn’t work out the plans it opt to undertake because it needs funds coming from taxes and taxes comes from these establishments. The ability to produce an added value for firms – profit – is the basic prerequisite for business, but it is also a foundation for prosperity in society. Only profitable companies are sustainable in the long term and capable of creating goods, services, processes, return on capital, work opportunities and a tax base. This is what business does better than any other sector. Hence, companies’ basic commercial operations are the primary benefit they bring to society. Companies benefit society by: Supplying goods and services that customer cannot, or do not want to, produce themselves * Creating jobs for customers, suppliers, distributors and co-workers; these people make money to support themselves and their families, pay taxes and use their wages to buy goods and services * Continually developing new goods, services and processes * Investing in new technologies and in the skills of employees * Building up and spreading international standards, e. g. or environmenta l practices * Spreading â€Å"good practice† in different areas, such as the environment and workplace safety The role of business in the development of society can be described in many ways. In another point of view, they are sometimes referred to as the company’s corporate social responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility is a less broad concept than civic involvement. Even though there is no set, internationally accepted definition, this is often described as a voluntary responsibility that transcends the demands of national legislation and includes the human rights and environmental and social issues. Another definition of CSR uses sustainable development as a starting point. In practice, CSR means that businesses meet the demands of national legislation and, where this is inadequate, look in addition to a collection of established, fundamental freedoms and rights that are globally recognized. CSR demands that businesses manage the economic, social and environmental impacts of their operations to maximize the benefits and minimize the downsides. Business is the ‘game-changer’ of today’s world. We are significantly dependent on them. Majority of our day-to-day activities are involved with an interaction with various kinds of businesses (whether you felt hungry and decided to buy food or you just went to a parlor to have a haircut). But what’s good to know is that they do not benefit from us alone whenever we pay their goods or services but they give mutual advantage for the welfare of the greater society by having their own share in nation-building, too.

Family and Juvenile Delinquency

Family and Juvenile Delinquency The family is the foundation of humanity. Children who are rejected by their parents, who grow up in homes with considerable conflict, or who are inadequately supervised are at the greatest risk of becoming delinquent. Adolescence is a time of expanding vulnerabilities and opportunities that go along with it, widens social and geographic exposure to life beyond school or family. Family is one of the most influential institutions in socializing a child. Being raised in a single parent home can lead to delinquency, regardless if it was because of divorce/separation, death, or incarceration. The outcome of the childs life is considerably different compared to a child who has a stable life with both parents. With only one parent, a child may receive only half the guidance given by two parents. This usually results in the child making wrong decisions like getting involved with other risk factors such as school problems or dropping out. The way we are socialized by our surroundings has a dramatic impact on whether we become delinquents. The composition of families is one aspect of family life that is consistently associated with delinquency. Children who live in homes with only one parent or in which marital relationships have been disrupted by divorce or separation are more likely to display a range of behavioral problems including delinquency, than children who are from two parent families (Thornberry, et al. 1999). Children who witness marital discord are at greater risk of becoming delinquents. Previous research has demonstrated associations between exposure to parental divorce and marital conflict while growing up and childrens psychological distress in adulthood (Amato Sobolewski 2001). Social learning theory argues that aggressive behavior is learned; as parents display aggressive behavior, children learn to imitate it as an acceptable means of achieving goals (Wright Wright 1994). When parents are divorced and there is just one parent to take care of the child, the child is quick to feel just half there. If it is the mother who has the child, she may have to work to support him, and she would not be able to be home when he comes home from school. If he comes home and finds the home empty, he would not stay there, but he will go out with his peers. The gang will then get bored and look around for something to do. This will lead to stealing possibly, and these activities can go on until they end in murder or drug addiction. Parents teach children to control unacceptable behavior, to delay indulgence, and to respect the rights of others. On the contrary, families can teach children aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior (Wright Wright 1994). This statement alone could easily explain how the juvenile may end up becoming a delinquent. Wright and Wright (1994) suggest positive parenting practices during the early years and later in adolescence appear to act as buffers preventing delinquent behavior and assisting adolescents involved in such behavior to desist from delinquency. Gorman-Smith and Tolan (1998) found that parental conflict and parental aggressiveness predicted violent offending; whereas, lack of maternal affection and paternal criminality predicted involvement in property crimes. Familial characteristics suggesting familial antisocial behavior or values such as family history of criminal behavior, harsh parental discipline, and family conflict have been among the most consistently linked. In another study conducted by Gorman-Smith and her colleagues, data show that children are more likely to resort to violence if there is violence within relationships that they may share with their family (Gorman-Smith, et al. 2001). In the realm of family functioning there is a theory known as the coercion theory, which suggests that family environment influences an adolescents interpersonal style, which in turn influences peer group selection (Cashwell Vacc 1996). Peers with a more coercive interpersonal style tend to become involved with each other, and this relationship is assumed to increase the likelihood of being involved in delinquent behavior. Thus understanding the nature of relationships within the family, to include family adaptability, cohesion, and satisfaction, provides more information for understanding youth (Cashwell Vacc 1996). The cohesiveness of the family successfully predicted the frequency of delinquent acts for non-traditional families (Matherne Thomas 2001). Family behaviors, particularly parental monitoring and disciplining, seems to influence association with deviant peers throughout the adolescent period (Cashwell Vacc 1994). Among social circumstances which have a hand in determi ning the future of the individual it is enough for our present purpose to recognize that family is central (Wright Wright 1994). Juby and Farrington(2001) claim that there are three major classes that explain the relationship between disrupted families and delinquency; trauma theories, life course theories, and selection theories. The trauma theories suggest that the loss of a parent has a damaging effect on children, most commonly because of the effect on attachment to the parent. Life course theories focus on separation as a long drawn out process rather than a discrete event, and on the effects of multiple stressors typically associated with separation. Selections theories argue that disrupted families are associated with delinquency because of pre-existing differences in family income or child rearing methods, for example (Juby Farrington 2001). Communication also plays a big role in how the family functions. Clark and Shields (1997) state that the importance of positive communication for optimal family functioning has major implications for delinquent behavior. They also discovered that communication is indeed related to the commission of delinquent behavior and differences are shown within categories of age, sex, and family marital status. Klein and Forehand (1997) suggest that the prediction of juvenile delinquency in early childhood depends on the type of maternal parenting skills that are imposed upon the child during early adolescence. Muehlenberg (2002) poses the question of how do children from single parent family homes fare educationally compared to children from intact two parent families. In most cases, delinquents have been viewed as individuals who come from less intact families, often referred to as broken homes. Typically, the term broken home has been structured to mean children residing in single-parent households or any type of household other than a household in which both biological parents are present (Rankin, 1983; Geismar Wood, 1986). In contrast, an intact family usually refers to a nuclear family arrangement in which both biological parents reside in the household with their biological children (Kierkus Baer, 2002). Intact family arrangements differ from other modern-day family arrangements including single-parent arrangements, two-parent arrangements involving a stepparent, extended family member arrangements, and the adoptive/foster family arrangement (Wells Rankin, 1986). Since 1970, the proportion of American households that have children who live with both parents has declined substantially. In 1970, 64 percent of African American children lived with two parents, compared with 35 percent in 1997; comparable figures for white children are 90 percent and 74 percent, respectively (Lugaila, 1998). According to some estimates, as many as 40 percent of white children and 75 percent of African American children will experience arental separation or divorce before they reach age 16 (Brayand Hetherington, 1993) and many of these children will experience multiple family disruptions over time (Furstenberg and Cherlin, 1991). Sometimes the focus is taken off the mother and shifted towards the father. The lack of emphasis on the role of fathering in childhood conduct problems is especially unfortunate given that there are several reasons why fathers can be expected to be particularly significant in the initiation and persistence of offspring offending. For example, fathers are particularly likely to be involved with sons who are at higher risk than daughters of delinquent behavior (Flouri Buchannan 2002). Popenoe(1997) states that fatherlessness is a major force behind many disturbing US social problems. The institution of marriage acts as cultures chief vehicle to bind men to their children. The absence of fathers from childrens lives is one of the most important causes related to childrens well being such as increasing rates of juvenile crime, depression and eating disorders, teen suicide, and substance abuse. Two parent households provide increased supervision and surveillance of property, while single parenthood increases likelihood of delinquency and victimization simply by the fact that there is one less person to supervise adolescent behavior (Wright Wright 1994). Children, regardless of whether they are a product of a single parent or dual parent household, are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is a minimum amount of quality time spent with the guardians. Guardians actually need to be parents rather than just provide for the child. Parents provide structure which entails rules, encouragement, and any type of consistent adult behavior that a juvenile can use as guidelines throughout his or her own adolescent years. Although a majority of delinquents are from single parent households, delinquency is fostered by a lack of parental/juvenile interaction. Monitoring the child is also a major contribution towards the creation of delinquency. By spending time with a juvenile as a family through family activities, it not only provides that necessary supervision for being aware of the whereabouts of the child, how the child is functioning emotionally, and how he or she is doing as an adolescent, it creates positive interaction with th e parents that is needed for a healthy upbringing. Reference Page Amato, Paul and Juliana M. Sobolewski. 2001. The effects of divorce on adult childrens psychological well-being. American Sociological Review. 66: 900-921. Cashwell, Craig S. and Niccholas A. Vacc. 1996. Family Functioning and Risk Behaviors: Influences on adolescent delinquency. School Counselor. 44: 105-15. Geismar, L.L., Wood, K.M. (1986). Family and delinquency: Resocializing the young offender. New York: Human Sciences Press. Gorman-Smith, Deborah and Patrick H. Tolan. 1998. Relation of family problems to patterns of Delinquent involvement among urban youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 26: 319-34. Gorman-Smith, Deborah, Patrick Tolan, Ashli J. Sheidow, and David B. Henry. Partner Violence and Street Violence among Urban Adolescents: Do the Same Family Factors Relate? Journal of Research on Adolescence.11: 273-95. Hagan, John and Holly Foster. 2001. Youth violence and the end of adolescence. American Sociological Review. 66: 874-899. Immarigeon, Russ. 1996. Families know best. State Government News. 39: 22-4. Juby, Heather and David P. Farrington. 2001. Disentangling the Link between Disrupted Families and Delinquency. British Journal of Criminology. 41: 22-40. Kierkus, C., Baer, D. (2002). A social control explanation of the relationship between family structure and delinquent behavior. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 44 (4), 425-458. Klein, Karla and Rex Forehand. 1997. Delinquency during the transition to early adulthood: Family and parenting predictors from earlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Adolescence. 32: 61-81. Muehlenberg, Bill. 2002. The case for two-parent family Part II. National Observer. 53: 49-58. Popenoe, David. 1997. Life without Father. New Jersey, US: Annual Conference of the NCFR Fatherhood and Motherhood in a Diverse and Changing World. Prochnow, Jane E. and James V. DeFronzo. 1997. The impact of economic and parental characteristics on juvenile misconduct. Journal of Emotional Behavioral Disorders. 5:119-128. Rankin, J. H. (1983). The family context of delinquency. Social Problems, 30, 466-479. Thornberry, Terence P., Carolyn Smith, Craig Rivera, David Huizinga, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. September 1999. Family Disruption and Delinquency. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. 1-7. Wells, L.E., Rankin, J.H., (1986). The broken homes model of delinquency: Analytic issues. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 23, 68-93. Wright, Kevin N. and Karen E. Wright. 1994. Family Life, Delinquency, and Crime: A Policymakers Guide. Research Summary. Washington DC: OJJDP. 4-21.

Alice in Wonderland Artwork by Sigmar Polke: Analysis

Alice in Wonderland Artwork by Sigmar Polke: Analysis Sigmar Polke was creating a wide range of surfaces with various materials, as shown in his 1971 artwork of Alice in Wonderland (Figure 1), which is paint printed on a store bought printed fabric, not a canvas. The artwork is divided into three images. The background shows a soccer game. In the middle and part of the bottom, you notice polka dots covering up some characters. In the front, the audience sees a transparent Alice talking to the smoking caterpillar, who is sitting on the mushroom. As you read Alice in Wonderland, [1] when Alice takes a bite out of the mushroom, she can either grow big or small. This shows that drugs may help the audience for a little bit, but then most of the time, drugs do not help you. Next to the Alice in Wonderland characters in the painting, there is a translucent soccer player. The mixed media art may have been here to tell people, the brain is on drugs when the audience is watching sports. You notice the translucent characters more, since they appear larger than the soccer players. It gives you a depressed and lonely feeling because the translucent characters have no color. It is as though the characters have died and the brain is already dead. The characters being see through indicates they have lost their color; they have lost their soul. Despite having no color, we can still see them; this could indicate they are about to die and be forgotten. The colors of the soccer players are bold because it shows the drugs have sucked up their soul and are going to take over their life. There are splashes of red and yellow on the polka dots. This could mean that not only is your mind confused, it is also messed up. The characters are there, but the audience can barely see them, indicating they could be becoming invisible. Notice how the polka dots only cover up the middle section and a little bit on the bottom because the artist probably wanted to make sure he was covering up Alice, to show her being curious and confused. Alice is watching the caterpillar smoking. The caterpillar faces away from the audience, possibly ashamed of smoking. The artwork has no symmetry. This shows it is not organized because it is supposed to give you confusion. I looked closely at the background and noticed there are many soccer balls, when you only need to play with one. There are also too many players for the soccer game. This is another indication of your brain on drugs with the side effect of having hallucinations and seeing things more than once. [2]Polke used polka dots. This is a pun of the artists name. Using the polka dots is a reference to Sigmar Polkes use of the media and raster dots. The illustrations of the Alice in Wonderland characters are taken from the illustrations by Sir John Tenniel, which were used in Lewis Carrolls 1865 Alice in Wonderland. I feel like there is no true geometric form; even the panels do not look evenly rectangular. The only thing that looks like a perfect shape would be a sphere (the soccer ball). The audience cannot see all of the faces clearly and cannot see their emotion. Since they are hiding their faces, they are probably depressed from taking drugs. The caterpillar is the one taking the drugs. He merely sits, indicating drugs will make everyone lazy. Alice is the bystander, looking up at the caterpillar, wondering if she should try the drugs too. There are no fixed meanings of Sigmar Polke having layers on the image; it shows too many situations. The audience can only interpret what Sigmar Polke is trying to tell us. The picture is showing me if we watch too much television, the mind is going to have a lot of hallucinations between reality and fiction. The Alice in Wonderland characters do not have enough light as the soccer players. The position of the characters are all different. Alice is standing, the caterpillar is sitting and the soccer players are playing. Do the Alice in Wonderland characters have more attention than the soccer players? The pose may be jumpy, yet Sigmar Polke is giving everyone a warning. The use of color in the background and the characters being translucent reveal what happens to the life of a person on drugs; their emotions fade. By not showing the peoples facial expressions, theres an indication they have sold their identity to drugs: they have lost their soul. Alice in Wonderland became quite a humorous visual correspondence using the projection of transparent images onto grounds composed of multiple, contrasting cloths. [3] Thus, the artwork, with its variations from mixed media, suggests the presence, in fabric, of reality versus fantasy with the mind on drugs. 839 words References Carroll, Lewis. Alice in Wonderland. Public Domain, 1898. Davies, Denny, Hofrichter, Jacobs, Roberts, Simon. Jansons History of Art . 8th. Edited by Sarah Touborg. Vol. 2. London: Laurence King Publishing , 2016: 1053. Gintz, Claude. Polkes Slow Dissolve. Art in America, December 1985: 107. Larking, Matthew. artscape Japan.2006. http://www.dnp.co.jp/artscape/eng/focus/0606_02.html.  Ã‚   (Larking n.d.) Figure 1 Sigmar Polke, Alice in Wonderland. 1971. Mixed Media on fabric strips, 106x 86  ¾ ( 3.21.6m). Private Collection, Cologne [4] [1] Carroll Alice in Wonderland Public Domain 1898      [2] Davies, Denny, Hofrichter, Jacobs, Roberts and Simon, Jansons History of Art (Laurence King Publishing, 2016), 1053. [3] Claude Gintz , Polkes Slow Dissolve, Art in America, December 1985, 107. [4] paintersonpaintings. files. wordpress

Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare was a great English playwright, dramatist and poet who lived during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright of all time. No other writer's plays have been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries as his. Shakespeare was born to middle class parents. His father, John, was a Stratford businessman. He was a glove maker who owned a leather shop. John Shakespeare was a well-known and respected man in the town. He held several important local governmental positions. William Shakespeare's mother was Mary Arden. Though she was the daughter of a local farmer, she was related to a wealthy family. Mary Arden and John Shakespeare were married in 1557. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford in 1564. He was one of eight children. The Shakespeare's were well-respected prominent people. When William Shakespeare was about seven years old, he probably began attending the Stratford Grammar School with other boys of his social class. Students went to school year round attending school for nine hours a day. The teachers were strict disciplinarians. Though Shakespeare spent long hours at school, his boyhood was probably fascinating. Stratford was a lively town and during holidays, it was known to put on pageants and many popular shows. It also held several large fairs during the year. Stratford was an exciting place to live. Stratford also had fields and woods surrounding it giving William the opportunity to hunt and trap small game. The River Avon, which ran through the town, allowed him to fish also. Shakespeare's' poems and plays show his love of nature and rural life which reflects his childhood. On November 28, 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway of the neighboring village of Shottery. She was twenty-six, and he was only eighteen at the time. They had three children. Susana was their first and then they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet, Shakespeare's son, died in 1596. In 1607, his daughter Susana got married. Shakespeare's other daughter, Judith, got married in 1616. In London, Shakespeare's career took off. It is believed that he may have become well known in London theatrical life by 1592. By that time, he had joined one of the city's repertory theater companies. These companies were made up of a permanent cast of actors who presented different plays week after week. The companies were commercial organizations that depended on admission from their audience.

Search for Innocence in American Modernism Essay -- Literature Essays

Search for Innocence in American Modernism      Ã‚   American Literature from its very beginning has been centered around a theme of innocence. The Puritans wrote about abandoning the corruption of Europe to find innocence in a new world. The Romantics saw innocence and power in nature and often wrote of escaping from civilization to return to nature. After the Civil War, however, the innocence of the nation is challenged. The Realists focused on the loss of innocence and in Naturalist works innocence is mostly gone. During these periods of American Literature it seems almost as if a hole was being dug, a sort of emptying of innocence, and after World War I the Modernists called this hole the wasteland Many Modernist works focus on society lost in the wasteland, but they hint at a way out. The path out of the wasteland is through a return to innocence. This is evident in the Modernist works of The wasteland by T. S. Eliot, "Directive" by Robert Frost, "Babylon Revisited" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and "Hills Like White Elephants" by Earnest Hemingway as will be shown in an analysis of the inhabitants of the wasteland and their search for innocence, the role of children and pregnancy in the wasteland, and the symbolism of water and rebirth.    But before I go on, I believe that I should first clarify what I mean by "a return to innocence." First, there is some confusion between innocence and ignorance. They are often used interchangeably. Because a person is innocent, it does not mean that he or she is unaware of reality. Innocence is almost like a different type of view. A child and an adult may interpret a single thing entirely differently, but this does not mean that the adult knows more about that thing. Innocence is open ... ...ed society and only through the return of innocence can there be hope of anything better.    Works Cited Eliot, T.S. The wasteland. In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1447-1463.    Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Babylon Revisited." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1471-1485.    Frost, Robert. "Directive." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1208-1209.    Hemingway, Ernest. "Hills Like White Elephants." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1471-1485.      

Malnutrition in Darfur Essay

Darfur is located in the Western part of Sudan and covers one fifth of the country being home to six million people. Darfur means house of fur and it is a historical region of Bilad al Sudan which is the Western part of Sudan. The northern part of Darfur is occupied by the Arabs while the main occupants of southern part are the white Arabs and Fur who are also regarded as the people of Darfur. Christianity period in Darfur lasted from around 900 to 1200. In the late 1980’s, ethnic tensions between the people of Darfur and nomadic Arabs and other agriculturalists began erupting into armed conflicts. These conflicts were very bloody and they continued up to 2003 after which the rebels from among the agriculturalists started attacking installations of the government. A peace treaty was signed in the year 2003 but this was not effective. The government of Sudan is seen to support these killings which become worse day after day. Janjaweed is the group that is terrorizing the people of Sudan and is said to be like a features of the mafia and the KKK in U. S. Janjaweed are racists and want to see the subjugation of the non Arabs in Sudan (Ubiera, 2010). Malnutrition refers to a condition which occurs when a person’s body is deprived of enough nutrients. It is brought about by an unbalanced diet, difficulties in digestion, problems of absorbing food or other medical conditions. Hunger, protein deficiency and overconsumption are the main causes of malnutrition. Malnourishment makes the body struggle to operate normally as such the ability to learn and physical work becomes difficult to undertake. In women and especially breastfeeding mothers, the prospect of producing breast milk that is nourished is very low (WFP, 2010). At present there are about 5 million people who are experiencing food insecurity in northern parts of Sudan, Darfur being among them. This is due to the conflicts going on in Darfur, poor 2009/2010 harvests, sky rocketing food prices and reduction in supply of grains. Levels of food insecurity are due to civil insecurities, limited access to cultivable land by the IDPs and poor rainfall, destruction of crops by animals, and pest infestation. Populations that are experiencing food insecurity are relying on aids from World Food Program (WFP) while others have developed coping strategies like sale of livestock, firewood and even grass so as to buy food in addition to income received from daily wage (USAID, 2010). By January 2010, research collected by UNICEF showed that there was an increase in all the three regions of Darfur with Northern Darfur being the worst hit into Outpatient Treatment Programme and Supplementary Feeding Centers. Global Outcome Malnutrition showed that it stood at over 15% in Darfur. It is estimated that there were about 3. 6 million beneficiaries of food with 30, 000MT. Consequence of the food insecurity; most of the individuals rely on donations from donors. If this help is not received, most of them end up starving. However, when it finally arrives it is limited in quantity and also quality hence its recipients cannot get all the required nutrients. Due to this there is malnutrition and more so in the camps where water is a problem too. Studies have shown that by January 2010, 80% of the total deaths since the fighting began are due to diseases and not violence. The findings showed that among the millions of people affected by the on going conflicts, most of them were still at risk of succumbing to malnutrition, waterborne diseases and diarrhea which has been rampant in the camps as the fighting continues. Displaced individuals are the most susceptible to this (AP, 2010). International interventions have been put in place so as to reduce the levels of inhumane actions in Darfur. Thousands of peacekeepers are in the region where there is collaboration of African Union-UN peace keeping and UNAMID. However, the intervention is said to have failed due to a number of factors. First, the government of Sudan is the main player of genocide. United Nations and as well as the International community has the commitment to respect the sovereignty of the national governments and so with this commitment and their need to maintain peace cannot afford them to enter into war with the government of Sudan. This means that attempts to stop war can only be successful if the government of Sudan is willing to cooperate but if it continues to keep conflicts alive and use racial hatred as a means to attack the marginalized communities, the interventions will be of little impact. Another reason is the lack of international community to make full commitments to bringing the war to a stop. The people around the world are unwilling to incur the costs of peace keeping unless there are some international strategic interests or economic benefits. The cost to human lives is not acceptable by most individuals for international conflicts which have no direct consequences to their own lives. Another reason is attributed to overall reluctance of countries, agencies or forces to do something which is related to war on terror being undertaken by US or any country. The last reason is the complexity of the problem itself. The Darfur war has significant social and political aspects. Hence the flaring up of the crisis in Darfur can only end when there is a long lasting balance of power between the two warring groups (Kumar, 2010). Even with the said failure by the humanitarian group to bring sanity into the region, their presence is still felt in Darfur. They nonetheless face many challenges but are daring enough to continue with their stay. Some of the problems are related to the government which makes it difficult for them to obtain travel visas and work permit. Bandits too attack them making it impossible for them to access the troubled areas but this has not deterred them. They try as much as possible to access the areas so as to help victims of crime and mostly the displaced people but mostly the vulnerable groups which comprise of children, women, the sick and the elderly. This shows the level of their commitment despite the reality of the failure of their efforts to bring peace in Darfur (USAID, 2010). The Sudan government and conflicts Sudan’s Liberation Army and Justice and Equality movement began attacking the government in the year 2003 by oppressing them for favoring Arabs over black Africans. Initially the conflicts were generally due to neglect by the government and lack of development in the black inhabited regions. Other supporting factors of the conflicts in Darfur are deemed to be complex and interwoven. Factors like, environmental degradation due to conflict over the access to the resources; famines in the past, neglect by the government hence lack of development characterized by poor health facilities, breakdown of the education sector and poorly developed economy; and constant interference by outsiders like British colonialists, Southern conflicts and expansion of Islamic religion. The Sudanese government responded by deploying troops to back the militias or the Janjaweed. This made the government to be accused of supporting crimes against humanity and hence perpetrating genocide. Entire communities lost their livelihood as most of their villages were burnt to the ground which forced individuals to flee from their homes. The most vulnerable groups in the underlying conditions are women and children. This is attributed to the violence in the camps for the internally displaced, and attacks on the civilians including sexual violence that is gender based and reduction in the level of water supplies (AMNESTY International, 2008). Humanitarian crisis resulted due to this mass displacement of the citizens. They included direct attacks to poor living conditions which were deteriorating day in day out. 300,000 people have lost their lives from the year 2003 to 2005 and it is during this period that George W. Bush declared the Darfur crisis as genocide. Despite the world’s outcry, the genocide continued as the number of those displaced and killed continued to increase. In 2006, the Sudanese government signed a peace treaty with one of the rebel movements but it continued to fight the other two groups which did not consent to signing the treaty. The rebel movements too started experiencing internal divisions orchestrated by political differences which led to fights leading to further complexity of the war and endangering lives of more civilians. Up to date fighting between the governments and rebel movements continues. Opportunistic bandits and militias have also taken advantage of this and it has affected the humanitarian aid and contributed to most the of gender based crimes. Despite this entire crisis, the Sudan government is seen to be on centre stage as President Bashir and his entire government is the one who created conducive environment for the fights due to their counterinsurgency campaigns through use of violence that target innocent civilians. Furthermore it has rendered peace keeping missions by the international community futile. All this makes the government to be accused of being the main player in the on going Darfur conflicts. The poor living conditions with no food or little food has led to malnutrition cases among those displaced. Further attacks made against the rescue teams have made it difficult for food to be availed to the needy persons in the camps hence cases of starvation due to limited or no food provision among the people together with lack of water are rampant (SaveDarfur, 2010). Geographic factor Darfur means the land of fur people. It was an independent sultanate from fourteenth century to 1917. It was absorbed into the British Empire after the World War 1. Under the rule of colonialists, development in the region was neglected. Before then, Darfur was provided with nothing apart from cattle and gum export support. Important facilities like maternity clinics were not available and at time of independence, Darfur had the lowest number of hospital beds (De Waal & Flint, 2005). Deliberate negligence of Darfur especially after falling in the hands of colonialists is the major reason behind the hostility. Another reason is that Darfur is somehow separated from Sudan by mountains and has therefore been regarded by some people as part of Chad. In the last three centuries, neighboring countries have been struggling to rile Darfur (Collins, 2006. In the pre-colonial era there was more development than there is today due to cooler climates and the geographical condition as it was the pathway for the traders since it was between the desert and the mountains. Most of the important trade items such as feathers of ostrich, ivory and tusks of the time were transported through Darfur but in today’s economy they are no longer necessary hence decline in the economic growth of Darfur. With the imposition of the colonialists, Darfur’s importance ceased and from then their attention from the central government was lost (Prunier 2007). People of Western Sudan were disappointed by the central government for its neglect on the region. Drought experienced in 1983 and 1984 and its mismanagement by the government added to the fury. This is because the then president ignored warnings by experts on the effects of the drought on the people. Although the international community provided food it was hardly enough and this led to conflicts among the Darfurians as they tried to survive (Collins & Burr, 1995). The autonym also concurs that these disagreements between Khartoum and Southerners are major factors that brought about the conflicts. Lack of security is also a concern for the government. Darfur is in the east of the Chad and is not part of Nile Valley. Geographically, Darfur is in Chad and in the past the inhabitants were linked to west more than to the Arabs on the east of Nile. This has made Darfur to be seen to be open to influence from the neighboring countries. In the past, Sudan has had issues with Chad which made the government of Sudan to allow the Libyan troops to train there and this led to increased cases of banditry and small scale violence (Collins, 2006). Conflicts in Darfur have been said to spill over to the western border into Chad and Central Africa Republic (CAR) with several armed forces being involved hence forcing the people to flee their homes across the three countries. Chad and Sudan have been accusing each other of lending a helping hand to the rebel movements in one another’s country. A quarter of Darfur citizens have fled to UN ran camps in Chad while a few of Chad citizens have taken refuge in Darfur. CAR’s government blames Sudan for supporting coalition of rebels which is Union of Democratic Forces for Unity which opposes President Francoise B. of CAR. Darfur expelled a number of humanitarian agencies after International Criminal Court issued a warrant on arrest of Bashir. As a result, thirteen international agencies and some three local groups were told to cease working in Darfur and in other parts of northern and southern Sudan. Since then little humanitarian action is said to take place (Hicks, 2010). UN Panel of Experts that is given the mandate to monitor the situation on the ground has been denied access to some areas. Other monitoring mechanisms that are independent have been reorganized as joint mechanisms with the government of Sudan. This has in turn led to increased levels of malnutrition and more so in rural areas where aid is stretched beyond capacity. Camps where they have fled due to the fights are raided by armed groups and collection of basic needs materials like firewood is proving to be dangerous as women are raped and men killed. Malnutrition rates are increasing as levels of hygiene in camps is poor and sporadic fights continue displacing more people. As people migrate from one country to the other, due to the fights, they increase chances of spreading infections. Cholera which is related to poor conditions spreads fast and other air borne diseases. Furthermore, the immigrants might not be covered by health services of the receiving country be it Sudan or the neighbors as they are not documented as required therefore being more vulnerable to diseases and this could serve as a source of spread of diseases. Public health interventions in Darfur and in the nearby border camps might not have the required health personnel who are useful in controlling or treatment of some minor infections which makes it worse and also facilitates fast spread of infections. These factors will make easy for diseases or infections to spread fast causing more trouble to the already malnourished people as the conditions are favoring too (Hicks, 2010). Doha Darfur Agreement This is a declaration of goodwill and confidence building signed by the government of Sudan and Darfur justice and Equality Movement (JEM) which is to pave way for full blown negotiations. It aims at resolving the conflicts in Darfur. Qatar is playing the role of a mediator with the help of African union-United Nations through the use of intensive talks. These talks have been seen to restore sanity if not the required level of complete peace to the troubled region. One of the reasons why it is seen to be a success is because of Qatar’s active role in the last two years in collaboration with African Union- United Nations mediation team which is led by Djibril Bassole. Qatar has been successful in bringing the two parties together and getting them to ink a deal that is deemed to have the potential for paving way to settlement of the disputes. Secondly, the current political climate and pressure on al Bashir to strike a deal as early as possible is also seen to be a reason. Al Bashir is getting pressure from Western countries in addition to the human rights organization for his bad record on rights of humanity besides ICC threats to arrest him. Upcoming referendums for independence in southern parts have put pressure on Bashir to call for peace (Pandey, 2010). Third reason that is seen to make the peace deal a success under Qatar leadership is the difficulties that are being faced by the JWEM movement to keep its movement intact. With no support from N’Dajema, the group can only opt for a peace deal as this is the only option since it has also lost the support it had before. The peace deal promises all the parties a chance to share power with the government. The fourth reason is the change of heart of the neighboring government of Chad. They have made amendments with the Khartoum government to end their long term feud. The signing of the peace accord by Chadian government in Doha shows its willingness to end the long term disputes and its support of Darfur. Another reason is the approach by International community which has also seen some changes. There is a positive attitude as the agreement led by Qatar has the full backing of organizations and world powers that have major influence. Finally disarray in rebel movements in Darfur is another reason. Leader of SLA which sparked off the fights has lost major influence on the ground due to certain splits. Many of the splitters have joined hand to form Liberation Movement for justice which has agreed to talk with the Sudanese government. With the support of most countries and with the dedication of the government of Sudan this can be seen as a step forward for the on going peace talks. Dedication too by JEM which is playing a major role is a good sign that the deal will be a success. Mass participation by people of Sudan in the concluded elections shows that there is a positive trend (Pandey, 2010). However, these peace deals have been marked by a number of difficulties which include: lack of confidence among the parties to the conflict, disputes among the movements and their unwillingness to unite in the critical process of restoring peace. These challenges are being overcome through the use of workshops which comprises of international leadership and experts drawn from the civil society organizations which are supposed to submit a recommendation on Darfur’s crisis so as to restore peace. Other challenges facing the peace talks are issues related to pockets of instability and lack of access to unstable and other areas by UNAMID. Some of the measures taken to counter the challenges are deployment of security to the humanitarian persons and the targeted population, and provision of pro active support for the peace keeping process and facilitation of the ongoing normalization of relations between Chad and Sudan and support of recovery process (UN Security Council, 2010). Conclusion The crises in Darfur do not reflect local conflicts but rather government crisis in the whole nation. The major reason why the conflicts erupted in Darfur is because of negligence by central government to issues related to development. Due to this many of people have been deprived of their human rights and there have been several humanitarian crises which have led to many deaths. Most of the deaths were due to poor health conditions especially in the camps and also due to lack of water. The only way to ensure that the conflicts come to an end or some level of sanity is restored is through the government’s dedication to peace talks with the other rebel groups. Equal development should be advocated for the whole country. Even with the deployment of troops by AU and extensive talks being held, emphasis should be on factors that led to the conflicts or else the interventions might turn out to be total failure. With the on going peace talks led by Qatar, some hope is raising though there are some difficulties involved. The strategies that are being used to correct the challenges show the extent of commitment and this makes the world and Darfur people to raise their hopes even more. Some strategic consultations too are on going between UNAMID and United Nations, African union, Arabs, the newly elected officials, displaced persons, women, the youths and representatives of civil organizations and involvement in peace process. Chad and Sudan’s reconciliation is strengthening too and there are no further reported cases of cross border attacks (UN Security Council, 2010). Efforts made by the international community in response to the crisis facing Darfur are being closely monitored by international organizations, governments, and worldwide scholars. If the international community continues to show its support, Sudan will finally enjoy peace which has been absent for so many years. References AMNESTY International, (2008). Sudan: the crisis in Darfur. Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://www. amnesty. ca/themes/sudan_darfur_conflict. php AP, (2010). Review of data from Darfur conflicts shows that 80% of deaths caused by diseases and not violence. Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://blog. taragana. com/health/2010/01/23/review-of-data-from-darfur-conflict-shows-80-percent-of-deaths-caused-by-disease-not-violence-186 Burr, J. Milliard and Robert O. Collins (1995) Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile. Boudler: Westview Press Inc. Collins, Robert O. (2006) The Disaster in Darfur in Historical Perspective, The Journal of Conflict Studies, Winter 2006, pp. 25-43 Flint, J. & De Waal, A. (2005) Darfur: A Short History of A Long War. London: Zed Books Kumar, V. (2010). Why international interventions to stop fighting in Darfur failed and alternative policies. Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://www. helium. com/items/954423-international-intervention-stop-fighting-darfur-failed-policy-alternatives? page=2 Hicks, C. (2010). Chad: views from Darfur refugees and UN protection force for Central Africa. Retrieved on June 8, 2010 from http://www. helomagazine. org/chad/2010/3/4/chad-views-from-darfur-refugees-and-the-un-protection-force. html Pandey, R. (2010). Why Darfur accord will hold. Qatar Tribune. Prunier, G. (2007) Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. New York: Cornell University Press. SaveDarfur, (2010). What has happened in Darfur? Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://www. savedarfur. org/pages/primer Ubiera, S. N. (2010). Darfur. Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://achumbalacafe. tripod. com/id1.html United Nations Children’s Fund, (2010). Sudan: Nutrition summary, issue 23. United Nations Security Council, (2010). AU-UN Hybrid operation in Darfur focused on protection mandate despite challenges. Retrieved on June 8, 2010 from http://www. reliefweb. int/rw/rwb. nsf/db900SID/EGUA-85MR67 USAID, (2010). Sudan food security outlook. Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://www. fews. net/docs/Publications/Sudan_Outlook_April_2010_final. pdf World Food Programme, (2010). What is malnutrition? Retrieved on June 7, 2010 from http://www. wfp. org/hunger/stats? gclid=CNG94pXAjaICFU6Z2AodHD9_Uw

Anorexia VS. Bulimia Essay

The amount of pressure for an adolescence to be skinny these days, is outrageous. Most eating disorders, like anorexia and bulimia, are onset between mid to late adolescence. 0. 5 percent of womben suffer from anorexia, and one to three percent from bulimia. These are both serious psychiatric disorders that are mistaken for one another all the time. Admittedly, they do have many similarities, but very distinct differences. Anorexia and bulimia show many similar symptoms, which is one reason they get mistaken so often. Some of the symptoms are weakness and dizziness, tooth decay, obsession over food, constipation, irregular heartbeat, and swelling of the hands, feet, arms, and legs. One of the most distinct differences is that bulimia is categorized as a complex emotional issue, while anorexia is a combination of biological, psychiatric, and environmental issues. Although both are worried about their weight, they approach food situations very differently. Physical signs of bulimia are harder to recognize, unless on a very personal level. Usually, there are no obvious signs of weight loss. This is because during an average eating binge, one may consume from three thousand to five thousand calories in an hour. Afterwards one feels a great since of guilt, making the decision to purge to make themselves feel better. What one doesn’t realize is, vomiting after a meal will only eliminate fifty percent of the calories ingested. Resulting in that person staying at a normal weight. However, the physical signs of anorexia are much more obvious. This is a disorder that causes people to obsess about their weight and the food they eat. They will pretend to eat or lie about how much food they’ve actually ate. They will attempt to maintain a weight that is far below normal, starve themselves and exercise excessively. The thoughts of dieting, food, and their body take up most of their day. Resulting in rapid weight loss. For a person that suffers with bulimia overeating is more like a compulsion. A person begins to feel increasingly out of control. Although they may try, it is difficult to regain control without help. Anorexia, on the other hand, makes a person feel in control, over atleast one aspect in their life. When a person suffers with anorexia they may lose the ability to see their true self. This means that, no matter how skinny a person gets, it’s never enough to them. They developed strange or secretive food rituials and become very fixated with their body image, to the point that it causes major health risks. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Pepsi’s Advertising History

I chose Pepsi because I decided it would be interesting to see how the company started out and what kinds of marketing strategies they used that makes them into the huge success story they are today. Here’s what I’ve discovered and it is quite an impressive story: In 1898, in North Carolina, a pharmacist named Caleb Bradham began experimenting with juices and spices and syrups looking for something to quench the thirst of his customers on some of the hot humid days. Low and behold before it was all said and done, he had invented the drink we know today as Pepsi-cola. It wasn’t until 1903 that Pepsi was patented and Bradhams first ever advertizing sell went along with his pharmacist concoction, â€Å"Exhilarating, invigorating, and aides indigestion.? He initially mixed the soda himself and distributed it through his soda fountain and then decided to bottle it so people could drink it anywhere. By 1909, the Pepsi bottle logo had been changed 3 times, 15 bottling plants had opened up, the slogan became, â€Å"The Original Pure Food Drink† and Pepsi was trade marketed in Mexico and Canada. Also by that time Mr. Bradham had gotten himself some of the best advertisement available at the time. He had a celebrity endorser for a race car named Barney Oldfield. Barry appeared in news paper ads describing Pepsi-cola as â€Å"a bully drink – refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer for a race. † In 1920 Pepsi’s new motto was â€Å"Drink Pepsi-cola. It will satisfy you. † But by 1923, Bradham wasn’t worried about his motto or slogan; he was worried about the rising cost of sugar. So worried in fact that after it hit 26 cents per pound, he stocked up on it tremendously afraid it would go even higher and then it fell to an all time low of 2 cents per pound. By 1923, Bradham was bankrupt and then Pepsi –cola was sold off to Craven Holdings Corporation for $30,000. It was then sold to Roy C. Mega gel for $35000 and he formed the Pepsi Cola Company. It took until 1934 for Pepsi to come up with the best marketing idea yet. It began selling its 12 ounce bottles of soda for only 5 cents – the same price as the competitor’s 6 ounce bottle. 1939 brought a whole new look at the value of Pepsi. A cartoon strip, â€Å"Pepsi and Pete† introduced the theme â€Å"Twice as much for a nickel â€Å"to reinforce the huge value advantage of the soda Pepsi. By 1940 Pepsi makes nationwide history because their jingle†Nickle, Nickel† was broadcast nationwide and became a hit record. It was translated into 55 different languages. In1941 Pepsi wanted to support Americas War Efforts so it changed its bottles to red, white and blue. There also opened up a Pepsi Canteen place in Times Square, New York that operated all year long and enables more than 1 million families to record messages for armed service personnel overseas. Eventually in 1950 Pepsi was forced to raise its 12 ounce bottle prices to a competitive level so their slogan became â€Å"More Bounce to the Ounce† and the logo was changed again. As Americans became more weight conscious, Pepsi decided they would be a prime opportunity as a target market. That’s when â€Å"The Light Refreshment â€Å"and â€Å"Refreshing without filling† slogans came in. Pepsi went after another new target market in 1958 when the company decided it didn’t just want to be known as â€Å"the kitchen cola† because of it being considered such a bargain brand. Pepsi started identifying itself with the young, fashionable consumers using the new â€Å"Be Social, Have a Pepsi† slogan. A swirl was then added to the straight necked bottle of the past. In 1961 Pepsi saw the opportunity to further define its target market by recognizing the importance of the younger post-war generation. â€Å"Now its Pepsi, for those who think Young† defines youth as a state of mind. 1963 brought about one of the most significant phenomenon’s in commercial history because the post-war baby boomers emerged on society and in the market place. Pepsi took advantage of that change and made Pepsi the brand of the new generation – the Pepsi generation. † â€Å"Come Alive! You’re the Pepsi Generation† makes advertizing history. This will be the first time a product is identified by its consumer’s lifestyles and attitudes instead of its attributes. In 1964, Diet Pepsi was introduced and by 1966 it had its own campaign, â€Å"Girl Watchers† that focused on the cosmetic benefits of the low-calorie cola. The music to this new item became a tip 40 hit. When research indicated that consumers place very high regard on Pepsi’s superior taste when chilled, â€Å"Taste that beats the others cold. Pepsi powers on† emphasized Pepsi’s product superiority. When in 1973 our nation was involved in massive social and political change, Pepsi came up with â€Å"Join the Pepsi People, Feelin’Free: campaign. One People, many personalities. After Patriotism was sectored in the U. S. with the celebration of the bicentennial, American people looked to the future with optimism. â€Å"Catch the Pepsi Spirit† is the mood the Pepsi Generation took forward with it in the 80’s. The soft drink war had grown more competitive but for Pepsi it had already been won. : Pepsi Now! † explained it all. Partway through the 1970’s Pepsi came up with a marketing strategy that would become an international landmark in advertizing – The Pepsi Challenge. Consumer test after consumer test confirmed that more people preferred Pepsi over Coca-cola. That reality was made into advertising and made marketing history as well as gained market share for Pepsi. Pepsi also became the largest selling soft drink in super markets by the time the 80’s got here. When 1984 came along, a new generation had emerged- in the United States, around the world and in Pepsi advertizing, too. To make this new generation happy, Pepsi began with a new campaign containing Michael Jackson, the most popular entertainer in the world at the time, starring in the company’s first 2 commercials. These two were the most eagerly awaited advertizing of all time. The fact that during rehearsal Michael Jackson’s hair was actually set on fire accidentally did not diminish Pepsi’s popularity at all. After this the company’s publicity went to $3 million in worth. Even after Geraldine Farroro’s Pepsi ad fueled debates about the ethics of politicians doing commercials, Pepsi seemed untouched. Emanuel Goldman, a beverage analyst at Montgomery Securities in San Francisco forecasted that the growth for all Pepsi’s soft drinks in 1985 may match that of Coco-cola USA products, Pepsi’s biggest rival. In 1985 the front runners in the soft drink business were Coke – Pepsi – 7-up – and Dr. Pepper. Coke changed its product make-up but swears it never meant to emulate Pepsi. -up announces people are concerned about caffeine and other artificial ingredients so its ads will stress â€Å"It never had it, it never will†. People just don’t want traditional sugar any more. Soon Pepsi introduced Slice containing 10% fruit juice, Coke unveiled Cherry Coke and was testing Minute Maid Orange Juice at the time. 7-Up started revving up its ads for TV, sports cable, and MTV. Charles Schmidt, executive vice president said, â€Å"I think the changes in consumer taste, preferences and movements to brands that don’t have preservatives and artificial colors is right down our alley. Pepsi did have one marketing mistake that certainly didn’t boost sales or improve popularity when it comes to an advertisement. In 1989, Madonna starred in an ad that depicted her as a young woman and also as a young girl, flashing back and forth between dance scenes either at the young girls birthday party where she’s seen blowing out her candles and making a wish or as a young adult dancing among joyful gospel singers to the music of Madonna singing â€Å"Like a Prayer†. Over 250 viewers tuned in to see this hyped up ad that was the first ever to be seen on T. V. before being released over the radio or other venue. The ad went wonderfully as planned. Unfortunetly all did not stop there. Madonna had a release by the same name on her new album. The video was a far cry from the wholesome picture the ad left you with. Instead it was about a white woman being raped by a black man and Madonna holding a knife till it shows her hands with cuts that seem to represent Stigmata or Cruxification. This video aired one day after the Pepsi ad. The first person to make noise was the reverend of a Christian group called American Family Association and he threatened to have his 380,000 AFA subscribers boycott Pepsi until they dropped Madonna. Pepsi put a hold on the ad to see if things would blow over. But then a Catholic Bishop from Texas chimed in agreement to the offensive video and he threatened to boycott not only Pepsi, but it’s other corporate holdings also, such as Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and Kentucky Fried Chicken. But the worst was still coming. The Pope then released a statement by the Vatican banning Madonna from appearing in Italy at all. Pepsi decided it was best to end this and they dropped Madonna like a bad habit and the ad was never run again, although it can still be viewed on You Tube. Even though Madonna still owed Pepsi 3 commercials that were never going to happen, Pepsi Paid her the original $5 million payment. This controversy that jeopardized Pepsi only shot Madonna’s record sales up to 13 million copies worldwide. As the 1990’s grew near, consumers wanted to continue to broaden their choices in beverages so Pepsi took that opportunity to broaden its product line and become a total beverage company. Pepsi‘s products would now include water, tea, coffee drinks, juice, juice drinks and the original soft drinks. Pepsi was also the first to come up with the idea of freshness dating, providing customers an easy way to read product freshness code. The Diet Pepsi can first appeared with the â€Å"best if used by† date and then it quickly became standard on all of Pepsi’s other products. Pepsi – now known as PepsiCo, Inc. has now joined forces with companies such as Tropicana in 1988, Quaker Oats Company in 2001 and still recently, Gatorade. In Feb. of 2010, Pepsi and Anhauser- Busch have teamed up to buy advertising such as network cable, print, and outdoor media. Today PepsiCo is a $29 million company employing over 150,000 people who speak 40 different languages. As I’ve tried to point out with all of this information, Pepsi is an amazing company with great marketing strategies and mixes and knows a great opportunity when it sees one. You can go back through my information and see that Pepsi hits on all 4 P’s –Product(s),which are still growing as we speak, Price – for instance the 12 ounce bottles for only 5 cents approach, Placement-Caleb Bradham knew he needed to put his product out there on the market and not kept it his pharmacy in order for it to prosper and Promotion – I’ve given you many, many wonderful inventive examples of how Pepsi promoted very successfully their first product all the way now to their last.

How to Reduce Employee Turnover with Motivation Essay

Nowadays, a word is very popular in white collars. It is â€Å"luo ci† in Chinese, which means people leaving their current work without a new job. With the development of society and the improvement of the level of people’s life, the phenomenon of â€Å"luo ci† become more and more common. As we know, the employee turnover of hospitality industry is quite higher than other industries. In 2004, Wildes warned that hospitality would face a significant work force deficit of quality managers in the near future. Not only is there a shrinking labor pool due to other industries attracting our potential managers (i. e. retail, banking, and healthcare) (American Express, 2006), but turnover continues to be a significant problem. High turnover not only causes the hotels lose their good employees and makes the level of service declined, but also increases the costs and expenses of recruitment and training. So, those hotels should take some measures to reduce employee turnover. Through some information, there are four main reasons: salary and welfare, personal development, sense of achievement, and interpersonal relationship. Clark and Estes (2002) suggest that employee turnover may not be purely a function of remuneration but rather of employee motivation. From this sentence, we know employee motivation plays a very important role in hospitality industry and it is an effective way to solve the problem of brain drain. The methods of employee motivation can be divided into two parts: substance incentive and spiritual incentive. According to the reasons of leaving, the management should pay more attention on their employees’ needs and motivate them from material and spiritual. Substance incentive means motivating and encouraging employee by some material, such as salary, welfare, bonus, or penalty. It is the main mode of motivation. Besides, it is the most common motivation mode. A study from a salary survey by Hewitt Associates showed that the human resource department in the hotel groups offering at least one plan of pay to performance rise from 51 per cent in 1991 to 77 per cent in 2003 (Jeffrey Pfeffer, 2007). Except carrying out the necessary substance incentive, the spiritual incentive is especially important, because it is a key factor to improve employees’ career happiness. According to different needs do some different spiritual incentive, such as, empowerment, make a future career development program for employees, making some effective communication and so on. In onclusion, with the improvement of living standard, more and more people begin to pay more attention on their internal happiness and pursuit. Taking substance incentive purely cannot meet the demands of the employees. Therefore, substance incentive and spiritual incentive are equally important and complement each other, are indispensable. And the proper motivation not only can retai n the best employee, but also can improve the productivity. 2. The current situation of personnel in hospitality industry The current situation of personnel in hospitality industry is structural shortage and non-normal loss. And as a labor-intensive enterprise, the turnover of the hospitality industry should be no more than 15%. But a survey from China Tourism Association suggests that the employee turnover in hospitality industry in nearly 5 years are 25. 64%, 23. 92%, 24. 2%, 22. 56%, 23. 41%, and the average turnover rate is as high as 23. 95%(Zheng Lu, 2009). With the widely and increasingly fierce competition, the employee turnover rate always remains high and personnel training and supply of the hotel cannot keep up with the speed of development of hospitality industry. In China, we have learned the foreign hotel management for more than twenty years. And large numbers of hotel managers and service personnel have grown up. Except part of high-quality employees are hired by some foreign companies, there is a good deal of personnel retaining our domestic hotels. Therefore, the problem is whether those good employees can be retained or not. 3. The reasons of brain drain Through researching some information, there are four main reasons that causing people leaving their jobs. They are salary and welfare, personal development, sense of achievement, and interpersonal relationship. 3. Salary and welfare A survey (Zheng Lu, 2009) suggests that in all influence which leads to employees leaving their job voluntarily, the most important influence is relative wages. In recent years, with the rapid development of hospitality industry, the number of hotels is increasing gradually, which lead to the benefit of hotel is not as good as before. Besides, for the price rise, the employees’ salary that most of hotels offer just can supply for their daily living expenses. But the income level in some foreign high-grade hotels is much higher than others. And, lots of employees measure their own value by their salaries. So, after they find another job that can provide a better salary, they maybe choose job-hopping. Thereby, this phenomenon makes the speed of employee turnover up. 3. 2 Personal development People who are committed to their work always have their own purpose. Some people want to get high wages and treatment, while, some people pursue high positions, in order to realize their own value. The fact states that thinking about from personal career development space and view of vision, some employees choose change their job, enter a new work environment, even though the salary of new job is less than before. Although their salary is less than before, they firmly believe that their abilities can get more development and their future is much brighter. However, on the contrary, some people give up their management positions and jump to a condition superior hotel. Their purpose is getting much more high-quality trainings and practices and they expect to gain more wide development space. 3. 3 Sense of achievement A lot of hotels think that the higher education, the stronger ability. Therefore, those hotels always focus on those employees who have high education, and give them higher position and more training, often send them to study and investigate. And those hostellers think that only they can bring benefits for the hotels, while ignore the importance of primary-level organizations. Thus, sometimes, the primary-level employees think their abilities cannot be confirmed and their jobs cannot meet their sense of achievement. Finally, in order to find a leader who can accept their abilities and get sense of achievement, they choose quit their job, and change another one. 3. 4 Interpersonal relationship As we know, the most things working in hotel is dealing with people. Some hotels, especially some state-owned hotels always exist some complex and tensional interpersonal relationship. In state-owned hotels, the employees compete with each other; the awareness of teamwork is weak and only pay attention to personal performance. The employees working in the hotel, especially the front-line service employees, their great workload always make them mental and physical exhaustion. Sometimes, a few of customs purposely make difficulties for them, even insult employees’ personality. It makes employees feel that they cannot get the proper care and respect. Therefore, due to cannot stand the depressive work environment, some employees quit their job and to look for a better work environment. 4. Incentive is an effective way to solve the brain drain As we all know, the high employee turnover will cause the management cost of training and recruitment increasing, and the quality of management and service decreasing. For this reason, how to steady the staff, minimize the employee turnover and then realize the steady development of hotel is a difficult problem to many hotel managers. From some researches, I find that employee motivation is an effective way to solve the brain drain. According to a survey conducted by The Ohio State University (Wilson, 2005), the top ten factors that affect employee motivation included: â€Å"interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security, good working conditions, promotions and growth in the organization, feeling of being in on things, personal loyalty to employees, tactful discipline and sympathetic help with personal problems. † And in a word, it should be undertaken from two parts: substance incentive and spiritual incentive. 1 To establish a substance incentive system combining compensation and performance According to Festinger (Turner, 2006), â€Å"rewards would affect the attitude of individuals toward their work and their understanding of why they are working. † Establishing a reasonable and effective substance incentive is one of the most important factors that whether company can retain employees. Practice has proved that substance incentive is an important way that can stimulate employee aggressive and improve employee performance effectively in the hospitality industry. Therefore, how to properly hold substance incentive is very important. First, the company should choose the best employees who performed well through the fair and reasonable employee performance evaluation, and do some financial incentive to them, for example, increasing their salary as a reward. It can make employee feel sense of achievement and realize their own value. Motivating employees by using performance-contingent rewards is a long-established management practice. Pay-for-performance is used to promote two ends. First, it is expected that these systems will motivate employees to increase their effort and thereby their performance. Second, these compensation plans are often introduced to better align the efforts of employees with organizational goals and objectives the belief that performance will lead to reward (instrumentality) (Turner, 2006). However, it is worth to think about the demands of employees. According to their needs give different rewards, rather than simply showering them with undesired gifts. Spending money at a problem is often thought of as a quick fix rather than a long-term solution. Therefore, some people begin to seek cheaper alternatives to replace spending money, and to achieve the same aims, such as do some spiritual incentive. 4. 2 Do some flexible spiritual incentive In addition to make some material incentive to employees, spiritual incentive is very important for employees in hospitality industry. In some situations, too much material incentive will bring some distorting effects, because high bonus will lead to the information or messages blocked with each other. It will directly reflect various aspects of the normal work. In the book Concepts and Skill Building (Certo, 2004) says that,â€Å"Motivating employees requires employers to study the employee’s monetary, physical and psychological needs, because individuals are motivated by a number of items namely intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. † Therefore, only use material incentive is not perfect, and spiritual incentive is necessary to a company. It can roughly be divided into the following kinds. 4. 2. 1 Empowering employees can help them take more responsibility. Employee empowerment is defined as a strategy and philosophy that enables employees to make decisions on their jobs. Employee empowerment can not only help employees serve customers at the level of the organization, but also help employees take more sense of responsibility. Empowering employee enables employee to have more right to do their job, that is, they do their job with their own brains rather than carry out managers’ order mechanically. Employee empowerment means the managers trust their employees’ abilities of judgment and dealing with problems. This trust is an honor and appreciates to employees. And it can make employees love their jobs and do not willing to leave their jobs. And there are four most important principles to reinforce employee empowerment, accomplishment, and contribution. 1) Share Leader Vision. It can help people feel that they are part of something bigger than themselves and their personal job. Do this by making sure they know and have access to the organization’s overall mission, vision, and strategy plans. 2) Share Goals and Direction. Sharing the most important goals and direction to your group can motivate people responsible for accomplishing the mission. 3) Trust Your Employees. Trust people can do the right thing, make the right decision. It can make your employees get more confidence and passion. 4) Provide Frequent Feedback. Make frequent feedback so that people know what and how they are doing. Sometimes, the purpose of feedback is reward and recognition (â€Å"Employee Empowerment. † n. d. ). 4. 2. 2 Make a future career development program for employees Nowadays, some people leaving their job just because they cannot see the future in their work. In hospitality industry, the average age of employees is generally young, so most of them always have lots of expectations to their future career. They always want to undertake some challenging jobs, so that achieve their own goals and personal development. While, the most important point to do this is training. Due to the requirements of recruitment in hospitality industry are less than other industry, when some people come into the hotel, they still have none knowledge on the hospitality industry. So, on the one hand, the career development program can help employees have a thorough knowledge of the development of hospitality industry and the demands to the personnel. On the other hand, it can help employees establish their own goals, take advantages of their ability, realize their own value, improve the job satisfaction and sense of belonging and responsibility. From the perspective of hospitality industry, an effective training can help employee improve their professional skills and their mood in their work, so that improve customer satisfaction and hotels market competitive power. From the personal development, an effective program can help people understand their own positioning in their hotels, and establish a practical goal for themselves. In a word, the program is an effective way to help employer find employees’ interest, advantages, and some potential ability and help employees exactly know themselves and improve themselves by proper methods. In order to be successful in today’s challenging economic environment hospitality organizations must demonstrate a commitment to helping their employees learn and develop new skills. This is essential if organizations hope to increase retention and create career growth by promoting from within Lee & Bruvold, 2008). Moreover, employee development programs often signal the degree of investment the organization is willing to make in an employee. From the employees’ perspective, this investment indicates how much the organization supports its employees (Wayne, Shore, & Liden, 2007), genuinely cares about the long-term professional growth of its employees, and values the employees’ contributions. So a good employee development program is very important to the employee turnover. A review of the recent hospitality literature further reveals that employee organizational commitment significantly influences employees’ turnover intentions (Johanson & Cho, 2007) indicating that the more committed or attached an employee is to an organization, the less likely that employee is to leave. And it states that the program has the potential to enhance an employee’s commitment to the organization, so, the program could also reduce turnover in the hospitality industry. 4. 2. 3 Making some effective open communication Open communication is extremely important and considered a top priority by the majority of employees (Honore, 2009). Most of employees often feel their managers and supervisor lack of open communication. This phenomenon causes the employees lack of care from their company and their managers cannot understand their needs, in turn, causing brain drain. Therefore, the managers and supervisors must often talk and listen to their employees. And the simplest way to make an open communication is giving employees the opportunity to ask question. And then obtain an answer to the questions and provide the answers in an honest and timely manner. It will help them avoid some further doubt and misunderstandings with each other. An open communication can create a relaxed and happy working environment for employees. It will reduce the working pressure of employees. In addition, open communication makes managers and employees more understanding with each other and is a good opportunity to enhance relationship between each other and clear the air. An effective communication should be clear, consistent, and correct. It is vital to understanding employee needs and make employee willing to work harder to get better performance. Communication should be accurate, prompt, and well organized, and managers should listen to employees carefully, help employees with the problems, and care for employees. An open communication can make employees feel respect from their managers. If employees receive their managers’ care and respect, they will return more care and efforts to their company. And it can reduce the rate of employee turnover effectively. 5. Conclusion Times change; society change; people’s minds change. More and more people begin to pay more attention t their internal happiness and pursuit, rather than just limited to their salary, position, and other material factors. So companies must conform to the requirement of the times, understand staff needs, and meet their needs from different aspects. In order to retain the employees, companies must make material incentive and spiritual incentive together. The motivational effect of material incentive and spiritual incentive is different. If companies want to motivate their employee effectively, they must take proper measures according to the specific situations. Employee motivation is very crucial to reduce the rate of employee turnover and retain the employees. According to the reasons of people leaving, the hotels mainly make some substance incentive to their employees. But it is not enough to meet employees’ needs, the spiritual incentive is also important for employee to meet their desires and decrease the high employee turnover. There are three main methods to make a spiritual incentive. They are empowerment, open communication, and making employee career development program. Besides, praise and respect the employees are very important. It can make employees become more loyal to their company and maximum the satisfaction of employees. The more satisfied employees feel about their jobs, the less likely they are to leave, which further reduces organizational turnover (Costen, 2010). 6. Summary The hospitality industry is, in every sense of the word, big business. U. S. restaurant industry sales are expected to reach a record $537 billion in 2007, employing 12. 8 million individuals, adding two million new career and employment opportunities in the next decade (NRA, 2007). However, the rate of employee turnover in hospitality industry is very high. Therefore, reduce the rate and retain employees is a pressing concern. The key to keeping employees in hospitality industry is rewarding employees for what they do every day and having an employee-friendly environment where people can feel comfortable bringing their concerns to the manager. Therefore, both substance and spiritual incentives are necessary management methods to motivate employees in the hospitality industry. Substance incentive can provide material demand to employee, while spiritual incentive provides spiritual demand to employee. Most hotel managers always like pay more attention to pay for performance and ignore the role of spiritual incentive, which leads to a high turnover rate and high cost of human source department. However, according to the increasingly higher demands of both employee and customer, non-financial incentive to motivate employee is more and more important. In the hospitality industry, the most common methods of spiritual incentive are empowerment, making future career development program, open communication and praise and respect etc. Their functions are meeting employee’s satisfaction which is defined as a sense of recognition, achievement, responsibility, improvement and promotion, interesting work, and awareness for future development. Through different methods can meet employees’ different needs, it can make employees prefer their job, rather than quit their job. Employee motivation can not only keep the best employee for hotels, but also save cost of training and recruiting. It will improve the competitive power for hotels and make their business better and better.