Children after the separation Essay Example for Free

Children after the detachment EssayFurther his studies of the effects of war on children who were isolated from their mothers at an former(a) age was considered to be research done in a crisis situation. Critics argue on a lower floor these circumstances it would be impossible to conclude how the same children would have reacted out of a war judgment of conviction environment. It was also argued that Bowlby failed to take account in his studies what had happened to the children after the separation.Bowlby was influenced greatly by James Robertsons research on the effects of separation on mother and child through hospitalisation. Robertsons studied children between six months and terzetto years of age who were separated from their mothers due to hospitalisation. Robertson claimed to have established a sequence of conduct that entirely children would pass through. This sequence consisted of distress, were children behaved in a disturbed manner. Despair whereby the child seem s to lose hope of purpose there lost parent. Lastly, the child display detachment type behaviour, refusing anyone to become involved with them. Robertson concluded that separation from their mother was harmful.In 1971 Klein and Stern studied why parents abuse their children. They found evidence in their studies that a high percentage of abused children had been born prematurely. Because these children were put into an incubator and separated from their parents an trammel was unable to develop, resulting in later abuse toward the children. The battleground concluded that there is a crucial full point when supplements not organize adequately would not be able to be re-formed. This is of considerable importance to well-disposed work in sexual intercourse to the modern day understanding of child abuse as further research has shown that many another(prenominal) abusers were once abused themselves.Klaus Kennell (1976) two paediatricians put forward the theory that they too reck ond there was a unfavorable period when attachment took place, this was immediately after birth, when the mother was physiologic ally pre-disposed to bond with her infant. It was during this time that the strength of the attachment was determined.The American National Center for Clinical Programs supports Bowlbys notion of motherlove. They propose that a parent who realises they are passing play to have a long-term relationship with their child will put more into the shell outgiving and inter live up to, as unlike to a substitute care giver who may not be so motivated as they see many children come and go and therefore do not build up a caring relationship with children. This idea has implications for fostering as a consequence may be wish of care or favouritism towards other children in their care.John Elisabeth Newson (1986) point out that one contribution of a parent is to act as a memory store for the children to play back and equate experiences. Children in a care sett ing without a key adult with whom they have a finis relationship with will be unable to build upon past experiences and this may have an impact on their mad development.Many studies have looked at whether attachment is instinctive, as Bowlby had believed.Konrad Lorenz (1935) agreed that attachment was instinctive when he put forward his imprinting theory. His observations revealed that newly hatched goslings follow the first thing they saw, this could be a human or other object and there was a brief critical period early in the goslings life when this would occur and was found to be irreversible. Lorenzs believed this was biological, a factor of evolution that ensures the young of all species are able to attach to someone for survival, and was relevant to the way humans form attachments in relation to it being an instinctive behaviour. Critics of his theory (Sluckin 1961 and Bateson 1964) have shown that if a young bird is kept isolated it sash unimprinted beyond Lorenzs critical period and imprinting can take place after the critical period has passed. This casts doubt on Lorenzs claim that imprinting processes are instinctive. Many researchers now believe that imprinting is real a process of rapid learning (MacFarlane 1975)In contrast to the theory that attachment is instinctive Colin Turnbull and Margaret Mead when analyze families in various African tribes concluded that they saw no signs of instinctive love or meat between parents and children. It was quite normal for many children to be left to fend for themselves many were even killed as they were thought of as burdens by their parents. The researchers came to believe attachment to be a learnt process that we internalise from sight our own mothers behaviour, and if not learnt properly for example through illness or as in the tribes geek through a different set of family norms and lifestyles, then no bonding or emotional attachment can occur.In New York in 1943 Goldfarb conducted a study of orpha ns. Two multitudes of fifteen orphans were matched for age, sex and social background of their parents. The orphans of group A had been fostered before nine months old. The orphans in group B had spent at least their first three years in an orphanage before they were fostered. Goldfarb visited each child at ages three, six, eight and twelve years and measured their development with regard to intelligence, language skills, social maturity and their susceptibility to form relationships. Goldfarb found that every child in group A did better than those in group B leading to the conclusion that a normal family home is crucial to emotional and cognitive development. Critics of this study argue that the children may not have had the same intelligence to begin with and that the children in Group B did not have the stimulation of a family for as long a period as those children in Group A.Harlow Zimmerman conducted studies on a group of rhesus monkeys. Their studies consisted of isolating young monkeys for three months, six months or twelve months. The researchers concluded that the behaviour of the monkeys who had been isolated for twelve months was proportionately worse than those who had been isolated for three months. The behaviour of all the monkeys who had suffered isolation was seen to be disturbed.The same researchers also placed monkeys in a cage with replacing mothers, a doll make of wire with a feeding bottle and a doll made of wood and towelling without a feeding bottle. The monkeys spent equal amounts of time with each surrogate mother. The studies showed that the monkeys favourite(a) to cling to the towelling doll even if it meant they did not have a feeding bottle. This led the researchers to believe that warm contact is of critical importance as a need for the monkeys and leads to affectionate responses. Critics of both these studies brain the relevance of animal studies to human behaviour.Bowlbys influential theory managed to link together the evo lutionary focus of translation with the psychodynamic and behavioural importance of social relationships during infancy and childhood. (Hollin 95)A measure of its influence can be gained from the action of the World Health Organisation in 1955 stating that Permanent damage can be done to the emotional health of babies and children when put into nurseries or sent to child-minders. The WHO report had many consequences and resulted in lots of practices regarding child care and childrens needs being changed. Women were advance to stay at home and were made to feel guilty and negative mothers if the went out to work. (Which suited the government at the time, as they needed these vacated jobs for men)Family Allowance payments were also introduced as a further inducement to keep women from going out to workMaternity wards encouraged siblings to stay with their mother, whilst childrens wards encouraged mothers to stay.A main influence on social work practice was the idea that a full-gr own home is better that the best institution which resulted in less fostering and removal of children from poor if not dangerous situations at home.Bowlbys findings were influential but controversial and became the starting point for further studies. Some studies began to protest with Bowlby, Fraiberg in 1974 argued that it was possible to strengthen an attachment Parents of blind children who did not experience eye contact with their infant felt rejected and consequently were unable to develop a strong attachment to their children. When taught to interpret their childs go across movements, it was found the bond could be strengthened. Interaction was thought to be the important element in create the attachment.