Prevalence Of Haemonchus Contortus Biology Essay

Prevalence Of Haemonchus Contortus Biology Essay roughly ho lend oneself holds in cities depend on livestock keeping as a source of livelihood. Most urban farmers consecrate resorted to keeping fleshlys which pick up less space for pillowcase sm all in all ruminants since land in urban beas is a scarce resource. Uganda has a native of 5.2 million goats according to a report by the Uganda bureau of statistics.In mukono district, 2.9% of the agricultural households rotter sheep and the total exit of sheep rated is 4,530. Out of 100 households,44.22 of them rear 1 sheep, 47.99 rear 2-4 sheep, 5.78 rear 5-9 sheep, 1.55 rear 10-19 sheep, 0.42 rear 20-49 sheep and 0.04 rear 50-99 sheep.(UBOS report).19.5% of the agricultural households rear goats and the total payoff of goats rea ablaze(p) ar 59,598. out of every(prenominal) 100 households,30.58 rear 1 goat, 57.85 rear 2-4 goats, 9.83 rear 5-9 goats, 1.38 rear10-19 goats, 0.28 rear 20-49 goats and 0.08 rear 50-99 goats .(UBOS r eport).Goats and sheep hold up believe numerous helminthes parasites, many of which be sh ard by both species. The approximately important complicate nematodes (round ricks), cestodes (tape writhes), and trematodes (flukes).1.1 enigma STATEMENTIn Mukono butchery the preponderance of Haemonchus contortus( neaten rod cell deform) in the goats and sheep slaughtered is not known yet these parasites proceed the quality of warmheartedness. These parasites dumbfound diseases and lead to boniness of the animals thus affecting the quality of the meat.The parasites also cause economic sack to the farmers since an animal in poor health condition get out vex a small amount of m angiotensin-converting enzymey.1.2 JUSTIFICATIONBecause Haemonchus contortus(barber pole worms) cause diseases in goats and sheep, in order to effectively bid these diseases it is of ut to the highest degree importance to have a record on the preponderance of the parasite.Surveys in abattoirs are an exc ellent means of knowing the causes of prevalent ruminant diseases in an area. (Adoun., 2012)1.3 documentaryS1.3.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVETo establish the preponderance Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep slaughtered in the abattoir and how it nates be controlled.1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESTo know the prevalence of barber pole worms in goatsTo know the prevalence of barber pole worms in sheep1.4 HYPOTHESISThe prevalence of Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheep in mukono abattoir is not high.CHAPTER TWO2.0 books REVIEW2.1 Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worms) in goats and sheepGastrointestinal nematodes, commonly known as worms, lay the salientest danger to the goat and industry .Haemonchus contortus, commonly referred to as the barber pole worm, is a clinical problem for goats sheep. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006) It gets its name ascribable to the barber pole appearance consisting of the white ovaries that twist around the red blood filled gut.( Jim Miller.,2000)Haemonchus contortusis cylindrically shaped, tapered at both ends, and has a complete digestive system.This voracious bloodsucking parasite causes anaemia and feeding bottle masticate and has a tremendous capacity to reproduce through egg-laying. (Lynn Pezzanite et al.,)The larvae and the adults cause small haemorrhages at sites of the abomasal mucosa where they feed. The ingesta whitethorn be ruby-red embrown and fluid. Worms whitethorn either be attached to the mucosa or free in the lumen. (Love and Hutchinson.,2003)Anemia, diminished packed cell volume (PCV), diarrhea, dehydration, peripheral, and inwrought fluid accumulation are common signs of barber pole worm infestation. Infested goats and sheep have lower growth rates, rock-bottom reproductive performance, and are persuasible to diseases that eventually lead to death.Haemonchus contortusmay consequently account for a great reduction of profits in small ruminant operation. (Maria Lenira Leite. , 2006)2.2 Distributionthe circumstance and prevalence of barber pole worms is headstrong by the climatic conditions of the area. The organic evolution of eggs and larvae is limited to areas and seasons where pastures are moist during the affectionate months of the year. However, the larvae can plump on pasture for some time, particularly during cool conditions, and can affect sheep outside the favorable periods for development. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011)2.3 F make believeors that contribute to barber pole worm infestation in goatsEnvironment with high temperatures, humidity, and rainfallGenetic placate of goats makes them highly susceptibleResistance to anthelmintics as a result of everywhereweening usage2.4 Life cycleThe worms occur in the abomasum or fourth stomach of sheep and goats. They are up to 3 cm long. The vitality cycle is typical of roundworms of sheep. Adult worms lay about 5000 eggs which avenue out in the faeces of the host. Barbers pole worms are the highest egg producers of all sheep worms. The eggs hatch within a few days, and microscopic larvae emerge. They immigrate on to the pasture, where they may be ingested with the herbage grazed by sheep. In the sheeps gut, larvae develop to adult worms in about three weeks. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011)If the worm enters the survival stage of arrest development, it could survive for months. Arrested development involves the larvae remaining in the abomasums of the animal without maturing until months afterwards. This allows the worm to survive the winter months when the egg and larvae do not win well on the ground. The surviv index of the free-living stage of H. contortus is short in fact, most infective larvae vanish from the pasture within 4-6 weeks in a wet tropical environment (Waller, 2004).2.5 Signs of the barber pole worm infestation in goats and sheepDiarrheaDehydrationUnthrift appearance, rough hair coat, depression, low energy, and lethargy.Significantly reduced growth and reproductive performanceFluid accumulation in sub-mandibular tissues (bottle jaw), abdomen, thoracic cavity, and gut wallBlood loss, white mucous membranes, and anemia. (Maria Lenira Leite., 2006)2.6 Effects of barber pole infestation in goats and sheepHaemonchussuck blood from the lining of the stomach, make anaemia.Animals with heavy infections ofHaemonchuslack stamina, have pale gums and conjunctiva, and may also have bottle-jaw or constipation. Sheep and goats with lighter burdens have a gradual onset of lading loss and loss of colour in the gums and conjunctivaIf present in deep numbers,Haemochuscan kill goats and sheep. In these animals cosmic, red masses of worms are understandably visible in the stomach. The stomach contents are often brown because of bleeding from the stomach lining and the lining has pin-point blood spots on it. The blood of the goats and sheep is weeweey due to anaemia.In animals with lighter infections worms are present in the stomach, but the lining of the sto mach looks normal.2.7 Risk factors for Haemonchosis in goats and sheepThe likelihood of haemonchosis outbreaks is extremely difficult to predict, and varies from one year to the next. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011) The try factors include2.7.1 History of occurrenceThe best guide to the likelihood of an outbreak is the foregoing history of haemonchosis on the individual farm or in the district, and how this varies with seasonal worker conditions.2.7.2 Weather and seasonBarbers pole worm larvae need warm conditions and wet on the ground to develop. The risk of haemonchosis outbreaks is increased in tropical weathers.2.7.3 PasturesBarbers pole worm can survive where pasture remains green over summer. Typical situations include perennial pastures and areas of moisture along creeks and around troughs and ooze points. Irrigated pastures pose an especially high risk.2.7.4 lawsuit of animalSheep and goats with a low or impaired immunity to worms have a greater risk of haemonchosis. This inclu des lambs and kids for two to three months after lambing. (Dr Brown Besier., 2011)2.8 Management practices that can be used to control barber pole populations in goats and sheepAvoid pasture goats and sheep on less than 3 inches of pasture canopy. Larvae are unable to saddle horse higher(prenominal) than this on the grass and thus leave not be ingested.Increase use of browse in grazing systems. Parasite larvae cannot near up onto browse so goats dont ingest them.Rotate species on pastures. For example graze cattle or horses behind goats and sheep. Because parasites are species specific, when a frighten or horse ingests a goat parasite it simply dies without do damage.Do not feed on the ground. Elevated feeders help to make pass fecal contamination and thus parasite transmission.Make sure that water and mineral sources are not contaminated with feces.Allow pastures to rest for at least one year in front allowing animals back on them. Larvae will have a hard time surviving tha t long without a host and therefore the pasture will be relatively worm-free. implement annual forages in your pasture systems and till the ground among crops. The act of plowing feeds to kill or disrupt the larvae and eggs, reducing transmission. Additionally, annual forages tend to do best when grazed at higher aims (4 to 6 inches of canopy). (Jackie Nix., 2006) make programmes for Haemonchus contortus in goats and sheepPrevention, rather than cure, is the philosophy used in developing control programs against gastrointestinal nematodes. It must be assumed that worms cannot be eradicated but may be limited to the extent that they will not cause austere economic loss to the producer. A combination of treatment and management are necessary to achieve control. Several approaches to the use of anthelmintics are considered. (Thomas M. Craig., 1999)StrategicThe strategical approach is the use of an anthelmintic at a time when most of the total worm population is within the host and not on the pasture. This approach can be used when the animals are moved from a contaminated pasture to a nearly parasite free pasture.tacticalWhen weather conditions have been favorable for the transmission of, eliminating worms from the gastrointestinal tract before they have the opportunity to reproduce and further contaminate the environment is a tactical approach. The timing of tactical deworming may be based on recent rain or it may be based on increasing fecal egg counts.IndividualTreatment of wormy individuals may prove to be a worthwhile endeavor especially where impedance to anthelmintics is widespread. Individuals in a flock will have a higher egg excretion count than the average. This over-distribution of the parasite population can be lessened by the selective treatment of wormy individuals or by the removal of these individuals from the flock.SalvageSalvage (treatment to save lives, not control parasites) is why anthelmintics are frequently used in small ruminants. T his is treatment in the face of disease the animals are frequently anemic, have bottle jaw or diarrhea due to the effects of worms. Whatever the case, animals may be in desperate straits and even if they have the genetic ability to resist worms, they will be overwhelmed. Although anthelmintics may remove thousands of worms from each of the interact animals, the pastures from which they came have billions of larvae awaiting ingestion. Under these circumstances, treatments at 2 to 3 week intervals may have to be practiced until weather conditions are no semipermanent favorable for transmission.Pasture RotationPasture rotation may step-down parasite numbers in deferred grazing systems where a pasture is rested for at least 6 months during the cool or 3 months during the warm part of the year. (Thomas M. Craig., 1999)Small ruminant performance in UgandaThere are about 400 million goats in the world, with Africa accounting for 67%. In easterly Africa, Kenya has a goat population of 6.4 million, Tanzania 4.3 million and Uganda 3.9 million. One method of increasing the number of goats and sheep is to select for biparous traits within a population. The twinning rate of East African goats is 30% and triplets occur at the oftenness of 2%. Goats have a unique feeding characteristic of look for which accounts for 60% while the grazing preference is only 40%.Goats and sheep make an important contribution to the subsistence subsector of the economy of Uganda and, indeed, of many countries in Africa. Over one million goats and sheep are slaughtered and consumed annually for meat. The skins contribute substantially to foreign convince earnings as well as permitting import substitution for use in the local tannery and leather craft industry of Uganda. Locally the skins are used extensively in traditional techno culture.They are used notably in the making of mats, bilking handles of tools (knives, dancing costumes, ropes, drums and shields) and covering ornamental a rticles. Footwear, string section and specific musical instruments are also made from skins.Exotic goats of the Toggenburg and Anglo-Nubian shrouds were merchandise to Uganda for cross-breeding with local goats with a view to enhancing milk yield and meat production in the offspring. In the early 1960s exotic wool sheep were introduced into Uganda and were bred on Government farms with the objective of assessing their ability to survive, reproduce and produce wool and meat in Ugandas climatic, technical and management environment.Exotic sheep, goats and their crosses with indigenous stock are more susceptible to helminth infection than the local breeds. Therefore every care should be taken to institute an effective regime of stop measures comprising adequate rotational systems of grazing coupled with strategic prophylactic cover and all reinforced by regular chemotherapeutic preventive treatments. (Nsubuga)Breeds of goatsIn Uganda there are three distinct breeds of goat reared f or meat production.The commonest theatrical role is the smallest of the three and can be described as the Small East African (SEA). Its mature live weight is 20-25 kg. It occurs extensively in Federal and eastern short savannah ecological areas and the drier areas of Buganda in the Federal parts of Luwero and Mukono districts (Buruli, Bulemezi and Bugerere).The second type is described as the Mubende goat. This is a large animal of 30-35 kg live weight. It is renowned for its popular skin on the international market. The skin is called Kampala skin in trade circles. This breed is concentrated in the Mubende District.The third type falls in surrounded by the first two in live weight, 25-30 kg. Its typical ecological niche is in Kabale, Kisoro and Rukungiri in Kigezi District. It is referred to as the Kigezi goat. (Nsubuga)CHAPTER THREE3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Study areaMukono abattoir is located in Kyetume Mukono district.3.2 Study Population and Sampling TechniqueThe see p opulations will be sheep and goats of different ages and body conditions brought from different parts of the bucolic to the abattoir for the purpose of meat production. Simple random sampling method will be used to select the see units. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 20123.3 Study Type and Sample Size DeterminationA cross sectional study will be used to determine the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infestation in sheep and goats slaughtered at Mukono abattoir in 2012. To calculate the total sample size, the avocation parameters will be used 95% level of confidence (CL), 5% desired level of precision and with the assumption of 50% expected prevalence of barber pole worms, the sample size will be determined using the formula given in Thrusfield.n =1.96 Pexp (1-Pexp)d2n = required sample sizePexp = expected prevalence,d = desired absolute precisionTherefore, based on the above formula the total number of sheep and goats will be calculated. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012)3.4 Study Me thodology3.4.1 Study animalsThe study will be carried out on 400 sheep and adult goats of four breeds from various regions of mukono district. (Gorski et al., 2004)3.4.2 daub Mortem ExaminationThe abomasum of slaughtered animals which will be selected to be sampled will be inspected for the presence of barber pole worms. (Sintayehu and Mekonnen., 2012)3.5 Data AnalysisPercentages to measure prevalence and Chi-Square (x2) test will be employed to measure association between the parasitism and species of the animals, age, origin and body condition. The worms will be estimated as mean number of worms with respective standard deviation of mean and range (Maximum- Minimum worm) in each species. The data will be analyzed using statistical packages MINTAB software Version 16 and SPSS for windows. In all analyses, Confidence level will be held at 95 % and P